Peace History

The chart below lists each day of the year and peace history events. The chart was given to the Peace Resource Center by the William Penn House in Washington, D.C. and was created for the Teachers of Peace Conference.

Besides the Peace History, check the International Holidays pages for more calendar related peace information.

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Today in Peace and Justice History

	EVENT
JANUARY
1-Jan	World Peace Day
1-Jan	A law making slave importation into the U.S. illegal becomes effective. (1808)
1-Jan	William Lloyd Garrison publishes The Liberator, the leading abolitionist paper in the United States. (1831)
1-Jan	Michigan becomes the first state to abolish capital punishment. (1847)
1-Jan	President Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation (1863)
1-Jan	Arrest of 10 anti-nuclear activists for trespassing at Nevada Test Site culminates a 54-day encampment at the main Test Site gate. The camp establishes momentum for what became a movement of over 10,000 arrests in numerous Test Site protests over the following years. (1986)
1-Jan	Czechoslovakia peacefully split into two new countries, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. (1993)
2-Jan	Free Black community of Philadelphia petitions Congress to abolish slavery. (1800)
2-Jan	President Roosevelt shuts down the post office in Indianola, Mississippi, for refusing to accept its appointed postmistress because she is African-American. (1903)
2-Jan	Conference of Industrial Unionists in Chicago forms the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), known as The Wobblies. (1905)
2-Jan	An estimated 100,000 Bangladeshi women traveled from the countryside to attend a rally in Dacca, the capital, to protest Islamic clerics' attacks on women's education & employment. (1996)
3-Jan	Political and social reformer Lucretia Coffin Mott was born in Nantucket, MA. (1793)
3-Jan	Martin Luther was excommunicated from the Roman Catholic Church. (1521)
3-Jan	Samuel Leamon Younge Jr., a student civil rights activist, was fatally shot by a white gas station owner following an argument over segregated restrooms, in Tuskeegee, Ala.(1966)
3-Jan	President Carter pardons most of the Vietnam war draft resisters, nearly 10,000 qualified. (1977)
4-Jan	Burma, now known as Myanmar, becomes an independent sovereign nation, ending more than six decades of British rule. (1948)
4-Jan	Free Speech Movement holds its first legal rally on Sproul Plaza, University of California at Berkeley. (1965)
5-Jan	Felix Manz, first Anabaptist martyr, sentenced to death, Zurich. (1527)
5-Jan	Committee Against Nuclear Power Plants stops plant planned for Queens, NY. (1964)
5-Jan	"Prague Spring," political and economic reforms, including increased freedom of speech and an end to state censorship, begins in Czechoslovakia. (1968)
5-Jan	20,000 miners in WV strike to protest the murder of Jock Yablonski, reform miners leader. (1970)
5-Jan	19 arrested in "Homes Not War" protest, Tucson, Arizona. (1971)
6-Jan	First world anti-slavery convention held. (1831)
6-Jan	William Lloyd Garrison and 15 others found New England Anti-Slavery Society (1832)
6-Jan	President Roosevelt introduces the term "Four Freedoms": free speech & expression; free to worship; free from fear; & free from want. (1941)
7-Jan	Marian Anderson debuts at the Metropolitan Opera, becoming the first African American to perform at America's most prestigious opera house. (1955)
7-Jan	Objecting to an increase in bus fares, Africans in Alexandria Township outside Johannesburg lauch a total boycott, most choosing to walk as far as 18 miles a day. 14,000 were arrtested and a compromise was reached 12 weeks later. (1957)
7-Jan	First airplane bombing experiments with explosives, San Francisco. (1911)
7-Jan	Federal courts forbid most uses of the pesticide DDT, nine years after the publication of Rachel Carson's Silent Spring. (1971)
8-Jan	In the battle of Dove Creek, near San Angleo, 370 Texas militiamen attacked what was assumed to be an encampment of 1400 Comanches but were peaceful Kickapoo, in one of the last battles in Texas between Anglos & Native Americans. (1865)
8-Jan	Congress overrides the president's veto of a bill granting all adult male citizens of the District of Columbia the right to vote, the first election law passed in America granting African-American men the right to vote. (1867)
8-Jan	Birth of A.J. Muste, founder of Fellowship of Reconciliation (1885)
8-Jan	African National Congress founded in South Africa. (1912)
8-Jan	Legislation passed allowing Kickapoo tribal members, who live on both sides of Rio Grande near Eagle Pass, Texas, to apply for U.S. citizenship. (1983)
8-Jan	200 Teamsters leaders hold "Labor for Peace" meeting to oppose Gulf War, New York City. (1991)
8-Jan	Mothers' March For Life & Compassion to Grozny, Chechnya, leaves Moscow, Russia. (1995)
9-Jan	Treaty with the Wyandot, Delaware, Ottowa, Potawatomi, & Sauk is the first in the new U.S. to recognize Native Americans as independent "nations." (1789)
9-Jan	American feminist Carrie Chapman Catt, pacifist & suffragist, co-founder of Women's Peace Party & League of Women Voters, is born. (1859)
9-Jan	Southern Tenant Farmers' Union lead Missouri Highway sit-down of 1,700 tenant families. (1939)
9-Jan	Ten peace activists are arrested at Fort McCoy, WI for handing out written warnings to military reservists about participation in war crimes. (1991)
10-Jan	The White House is picketed for the first time, in support of Women's sufferage. (1917)
10-Jan	Versailles Treaty, establishing League of Nations (1920)
10-Jan	Thomas Paine published his influential pamphlet, "Common Sense." (1773)
10-Jan	Brethren, Mennonites and Friends send message to President Roosevelt asking for alternative service in event of war. (1940)
10-Jan	Vernon Dahmer, a wealthy businessman in Hattiesburg, Miss., offered to pay poll taxes for those who couldn’t afford the fee required to vote. The night after a radio station broadcasted Dahmer’s offer, his home was firebombed. Dahmer died later from severe burns. (1966)
10-Jan	Guatemalan officials and leftist guerilla movement agree to negotiate to end 30 years of violent conflict. (1994)
11-Jan	During the Hungarian Protestant's struggle against restrictive religious laws, the Calvinists of the Trans-Tisza Church District met in defiance of a government order; 500 church officials and thousands of laymen attended. (1860)
11-Jan	Alice Paul, chief strategist for the militant wing of the suffrage movement and author of the Equal Rights Amendment, was born in Moorestown, NJ (1885)
11-Jan	A young lawyer, Mohandas Gandhi, is jailed for the first time, in Johannesburg, South Africa, for refusing to register as an Asian. (1911)
11-Jan	Peace Pledge Union organizes "Operation Gandhi," first British protest against nuclear weapons, London. (1952)
12-Jan	SCLC founded by Martin Luther King and other Black clergymen (1957)
12-Jan	Twenty West German judges arrested for blockading the U.S. Air Force base at Mutlangen, West Germany. (1987)
13-Jan	Novelist Emile Zola exposes rampant French anti-Semitism & a military cover up in the Dreyfus Affair with publication of J'accuse! (1898)
13-Jan	Birthday of Danish playwright & priest Kaj Munk, whose outspoken sermons & plays during World War II led to his execution by the Nazis. (1898)
13-Jan	U.S. Supreme Court rules (5-3) public school officials have broad powers to censor school newspapers, plays & other expressive activities. (1988)
13-Jan	Vigil against arrival of ship bringing plutonium for nuclear reactor, Tokai, Japan. (1993)
14-Jan	Church authorities burn Hebrew books in Rome. (1601)
14-Jan	Martin Niemoller, German Minister imprisoned for many years by the Nazis, born (1892)
14-Jan	Birth of Albert Schweitzer in Kaysersberg, Alsace-Lorraine, Germany. (1875)
14-Jan	US Supreme Court rules unconstitutional any state law requiring railroads to provide equal accommodations for passengers, regardless of race or color. (1878)
14-Jan	U.S. Supreme Court upholds constitutionality of the selective service law, affirms all criminal charges arising from non-compliance with the draft. (1918)
14-Jan	A. Philip Randolph, president of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters & chief spokesperson for the African American working class, calls for a March on Washington, demanding racial integration of the military & equal access to defense-industry jobs. (1941)
14-Jan	George Wallace sworn in as Governor of Alabama; his address states "segregation now; segregation tomorrow; segregation forever!". (1963)
14-Jan	March on Atlanta to protest ouster of Julian Bond, African American pacifist, from Georgia House of Representatives, after his endorsement of SNCC statement critical of US involvement in Vietnam. (1966)
14-Jan	Peace accords signed to dismantle Ukraine's nuclear weapons & take U.S. & Russian missiles off Ukrainian targets. (1994)
15-Jan	Four days after the Franco-Belgian invasion of the Ruhr, the Ruhr area and occupied Rhineland held a 30 minute protest strike to indicate their willingness to resist. (1923)
15-Jan	The United States Senate ratified the Kellogg-Brian pact, which outlawed war. (1929)
15-Jan	Birth of Martin Luther King, Jr. (1929)
15-Jan	Jeanette Rankin Brigade, led by 87-year-old Rankin, the first U.S. Congresswoman & the only member of Congress to vote against U.S. entry to both World Wars, marches on Washington to protest war in Vietnam. (1968)
15-Jan	Trial of Janet McCloud (Tulalip Indian tribe) & others for "fish-in" on Nisqually River in Washington state in 1965; all are found not guilty. (1969)
15-Jan	Vigils around the world mark expiry of US/UN deadline for military attack on Iraq if they don't leave Kuwait. (1991)
16-Jan	In Hawaii, Queen Lilluokalani's regime is overthrown by US pineapple tycoon Sanford Dole & pro-annexation sugar interests. (1893)
16-Jan	Senator James Eastland introduces resolution to declare a "state of emergency" in the U.S. Allows Congress to invoke a McCarran Internal Security Act provision under which American Communists could be rounded up & jailed in concentration camps. (1952)
16-Jan	Sicilian Danilo Dolci completed a seven day fast against the mafia, calling for a casting off of feat which imposted omerta and preventing gathering of evidence of Mafia crimes. (1966)
16-Jan	Jan Palach immolates himself to protest Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia.(1969)
17-Jan	Mangas Colorado, Apache chief, agrees to peace talks, is then arrested & imprisoned at Fort McLane (Arizona), then shot by two soldiers in his cell. (1863)
17-Jan	Swedish diplomat Raoul Wallenberg, credited with saving tens of thousands of Jews, disappeared in Hungary while in Soviet custody. (1945)
17-Jan	President Eisenhower delivers Farewell Address warning the nation of the "Military- Industrial Complex." (1961)
17-Jan	Chicano/a activists gather in Crystal City, TX, to form La Raza Unida Party. (1970)
17-Jan	5,000 rally, 138 arrested to protest test launch of first strike Trident Missile, Cape Canaveral, FL (1987)
17-Jan	Over 2000 indigenous Tzeltals & Tojolbals from the state of Chiapas, Mexico, occupy the military barracks of the 39th Military Zone in protest over Army incursions into their communities. (1998)
18-Jan	US begins spraying foliage in Vietnam to expose Viet Cong guerrillas. The US dropped millions of gallons of herbicides such as Agent Orange which sparked charges that the United States was violating international norms against using chemical weapons in war, and many of the herbicides were later found to cause birth defects and rare forms of cancer in humans. (1962)
18-Jan	Greenham women 'keen' outside House of Commons. (1982)
19-Jan	59 arrested in civil rights sit in, Chattanooga, TN (1960)
19-Jan	25,000 march in Washington, DC against massive U.S. bombing of Iraq. (1991)
19-Jan	"Shoes for Guns" firearm buy-back effort begins in Chicago. (1994)
20-Jan	American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) founded. (1920)
20-Jan	Nazi officials hold notorious Wannsee conference in Berlin deciding on "final solution" calling for extermination of Europe's Jews. (1942)
20-Jan	Over 200 citizens show up at a Seattle public hearing, many in radiation suits & mutant radioactive survivor makeup, & conduct die-ins to protest possible restart of nuclear weapon production at Hanford, Washington. (1998)
21-Jan	Quaker Peace Testimony presented to Charles II, England. (1661)
21-Jan	Emma Tenayuca leads San Antonio pecan shellers on the largest labor walk-out held to date. (1938)
21-Jan	Spanish, Portuguese & South American activists hijack Portuguese liner "Santa Maria" to protest the Franco & Salazar dictatorships. (1961)
21-Jan	Continental Walk for Disarmament & Social Justice starts in Ukiah, California, headed for Washington, D.C. (1976)
21-Jan	Women for Peace founded, Norway (1980)
21-Jan	Women's resistance camp set up, Volkel airbase, the Netherlands. (1984)
21-Jan	60 protesters with bathrobes, shower caps, & toothbrushes traipse through upscale stores in downtown Seattle, looking for a place to take a shower, in a protest drawing attention to City Council plans to kill a proposed downtown public hygiene center that could be used by the homeless. (1997)
22-Jan	In a massacre known as Bloody Sunday, soldiers fired on civilians attempting to present petitions for better living and working conditionsto the Czar. The Russian workers lost faith in the Czar and turned to radicals and revolution to change their lives. (1905)
22-Jan	200 killed by Somoza's National Guard during protest against state violence, Managua, Nicaragua. (1967)
22-Jan	12 African-American congressmen boycott President Richard Nixon's State of the Union Address because of his constant refusal to hear the concerns of Black Americans. (1971)
22-Jan	World Council of Churches announces South African divestment. (1973)
22-Jan	Over 2,000 demonstrators in Moscow protest Chechen war. (1995)
22-Jan	150,000 workers in South Korea walk off their jobs to protest recent labor legislation. (1997)
23-Jan	First British Disarmament Campaign, Liverpool, England (1875)
23-Jan	15 "Committee of 100" supporters sit in at House of Commons demanding halt to nuclear weapon tests. (1962)
23-Jan	24th Amendment to U.S. Constitution passed, outlawing poll taxes in federal elections. (1964)
24-Jan	John Lennon & Yoko Ono shaved their heads to commemorate the start of Year One for Peace. (1970)
25-Jan	Sojourner Truth addresses first Black Women's Rights Convention, Akron, OH (1851)
25-Jan	In May1930, Mahatma Gandhi was imprisoned for his incitement against the British monopoly on salt; it was illegal for anyone other than the British government in India to manufacture or sell salt. He was released on this date. (1930)
25-Jan	At least half a million mourners attended the funeral of Jan Palach to honor the young student who immolated himself as an expression of devotion of Czechoslovakian freedom. (1969)
25-Jan	INFACT (Infant Formula Action Coalition) wins settlement with Nestle Corporation after a seven year boycott. (1984)
25-Jan	Soldiers' Mothers Committee begins 56 mile peace march between Nazran & Grozny, Chechnya. (1995)
26-Jan	The U.S. House of Representatives passed the Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill, later defeated by a filibuster in the Senate. (1922)
26-Jan	The Indian Constitution became law and India proclaimed itself a republic, whose sovereignty was derived from the people, becoming the largest democracy in the world. (1950)
26-Jan	First US Nuclear test at Nevada Test Site (1951)
26-Jan	Major accident occurs at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in the Ukraine. The radiation cloud killed 23; 40,000 were evacuated. (1986)
26-Jan	100,000 march against Gulf War, New York City & San Francisco. (1991)
26-Jan	Women in Black demonstrate in solidarity with their Serbian sisters, Toronto, Canada. (1993)
27-Jan	The United States and North Vietnam signed a cease-fire agreement. The same day, the United States announced an end to the military draft. (1973)
27-Jan	Nationwide strike by some 10,000 conscientious objectors, West Germany. (1983)
27-Jan	France conducted an open-air nuclear test in the South Pacific. (1996)
28-Jan	Author and activist Julia Ward Howe became the first woman elected to the American Academy of Arts and Letters. (1908)
28-Jan	A federal judge in Los Angeles ruled that the U.S. military's policy against homosexuals was unconstitutional because it was "based on cultural myths and false stereotypes." (1993)
29-Jan	Four women Ploughshares activists cause millions in damage, disarming a British Aerospace F-16 fighter jet destined to be sold to Indonesia for use in its illegal occupation & genocide of East Timor. The women were later acquitted of all charges on the grounds of preventing a greater crime. Warton, England. (1996)
30-Jan	Gandhi Assassinated, New Delhi. (1948)
30-Jan	As Martin Luther King, Jr. stands at the pulpit, leading a mass meeting during the Montgomery, Alabama, bus boycott, his home is bombed. (1956)
30-Jan	In a clash with British troops, 14 Irish civilians were killed in Derry, Ireland. This is remembered as Ireland's "Bloody Sunday." (1972)
31-Jan	US government orders all Native Americans to move to reservations or be declared hostile. (1876)
31-Jan	Pacifist priest Thomas Merton born in Pyrenees-Orientales, France. (1915)
31-Jan	The Winter Soldier Hearings begin in a Howard Johnson's motel in Detroit. Sponsored by the group Vietnam Veterans Against the War, the hearings are an attempt by soldiers who have served in Vietnam to publicize U.S. conduct in the war. (1971)
31-Jan	300,000 Berliners rally against attacks on immigrants, racism and Nazism on the 60th anniversary of Hitler's rise to power. (1993)
31-Jan	Illinois Gov. George Ryan halted all executions in his state after several death row inmates were found to be innocent of the crimes for which they were about to be put to death. (2000)
FEBRUARY
1-Feb	Four African American students sit in at Woolworth's, Greensboro, NC (1960)
1-Feb	Saigon's police chief, Nguyen Ngoc Loan, executed a Viet Cong suspect with a gunshot to the head. This became one of the most famous images of the war in Vietnam and had tremendous effect on international and American public opinion regarding the war. (1968)
1-Feb	7,000 march to protest KKK in Greensboro, North Carolina. (1980)
1-Feb	President George Bush & Russian President Boris Yeltsin declare an official end to Cold War (1992)
1-Feb	Two Native American activists, Eddie Hatcher & Tim Jacobs, occupy a newspaper office in Lumberton, North Carolina, to highlight racism issues. (1988)
1-Feb	Two-month campaign of Citizens Against War begins, Belgrade, Serbia. (1992)
2-Feb	Anthony Benezet refuses to pay taxes to support Revolutionary War. (1779)
2-Feb	The first of well over 400,000 Mexican-Americans, many US citizens living here as long as 40 years, are "repatriated" from the nation as Los Angeles Chicanos are deported to Mexico. (1931)
2-Feb	First world disarmament convention opens, Geneva, Switzerland. (1932)
2-Feb	First burning of Australian military draft papers, Sydney. (1966)
2-Feb	Soviet participation in the war in Afghanistan ended as Red Army troops withdrew from the capital city of Kabul. They left behind many of their arms for use by the Afghan government forces. (1989)
2-Feb	South African President deKlerk lifts ban on opposition groups; African National Congress (ANC) is now legal. (1990)
3-Feb	The 15th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution is ratified and takes effect on March 30. It grants all citizens the right to vote regardless of race or color. (1870)
3-Feb	Abigail Ashbrook of New Jersey refuses to pay taxes because she is denied the right to vote. (1893)
3-Feb	Mass arrest of children demonstrating for Civil Rights, Selma, AL. (1965)
3-Feb	More then 450,000 students, nearly half the citywide enrollment, boycott the New York City schools to protest segregation. (1964)
3-Feb	Four decades of armed conflict in Vietnam officially ended when a cease-fire agreement signed in Paris the previous month came into effect. Vietnam had endured almost uninterrupted hostility since 1945, when a war for independence from France was launched. A civil war between northern and southern regions of the country began after the country was divided by the Geneva Convention in 1954, with American military "advisors" arriving in 1955. Between 1969 and 1972, 107,504 Saigon government troops, approximately 400,000 North Vietnamese (DRV/NLF) soldiers and 15,315 American troops, died in combat. The number of civilian deaths is unknown, although it has been estimated that 150,000 civilians died in South Vietnam for each year of American President Nixon's presidency. (1973)
3-Feb	President Nixon signs Endangered Species Act. (1973)
3-Feb	President Bill Clinton lifted the trade embargo against Vietnam, which had been in place since the Vietnam war. (1994)
3-Feb	Texas executed Karla Faye Tucker, the first female inmate to be put to death by the state in 135 years. (1998)
4-Feb	The American Colonization Society founds the African state of Liberia in West Africa as a home for freed U.S. slaves. (1822)
4-Feb	Rosa Parks is born (1913)
4-Feb	Colombian government recognizes native rights to half its forest, 69,000 square miles in the Amazon Basin, home to 55,000 indigenous tribal peoples. (1990)
4-Feb	Start of week of marches for peace by thousands, Grozny, Chechnya. (1996)
5-Feb	Roger Williams, defender of religious liberty and founder of Rhode Island, arrived in Boston. (1631)
5-Feb	New Harmony Community of Equality founded in Indiana. (1826)
5-Feb	Australian Prime Minister Robert Hawke refuses to allow the US to use bases to monitor an MX missile test. (1985)
5-Feb	49 German troops conscientiously object to going to Turkey for Gulf War. (1991)
6-Feb	Women over 30 allowed to vote in England. (1918)
6-Feb	US government requires the 110,000 Japanese-Americans imprisoned in internment camps to answer loyalty surveys. (1943)
6-Feb	The civil rights jail-in movement begins when students in Rock Hill, South Carolina are arrested & demand jail time rather than fines. (1961)
6-Feb	Peace camp evicted by army at CIA base, Molesworth, England. (1985)
6-Feb	Last person shot to death crossing the Berlin Wall, Chris Gueffroy. (1989)
7-Feb	Lord Byron, in his first speech before the House of Lords, denounces a death penalty measure for rebellious laborers.(1812)
7-Feb	"Negro History Week" was observed for the first time. Today it has been lengthened, and is known as African-American history month. (1926)
7-Feb	Autherine Lucy, the first black person admitted to the University of Alabama, was expelled after she accused school officials of conspiring in the riots that accompanied her court-ordered enrollment. (1956)
7-Feb	Swiss women get the vote. (1971)
8-Feb	Congress passed the Dawes Severalty Act, designed to end tribal life, which divided tribal lands into small plots for distribution to tribal members. American citizenship was granted to Native Americans who accepted their land and lived apart from the tribe. Congressed hoped that this would encourage Native Americans to "adopt the habits of civilized life." (1887)
8-Feb	Longest Walk begins - Native American march from San Francisco to Washington, DC (1978)
8-Feb	Four Black students killed, 50 wounded by police in Orangeburg, SC (1968)
9-Feb	Capt. Paul Cuffee and six other African-American residents of Massachussetts petition the state legislature for the right to vote; the court awards them equal rights. (1780)
9-Feb	The "GI Joe" action doll debuts. (1964)
10-Feb	In what was to be called "the second battle of the Alamo," preservationist Adina de Zavala barricades herself in the Long Barracks of the Alamo compound to prevent its destruction. (1908)
10-Feb	Voice of Nuclear Disarmament pirate radio station begins operation off shore. (1961)
11-Feb	Quakers and Mennonites petition Congress for Emancipation of slaves (1790)
11-Feb	Vermont is the first state to abolish slavery. (1777)
11-Feb	Emma Goldman is arrested for lecturing on birth control. (1911)
11-Feb	Students sat on the road at the Royal College in Nairobi, Kenya to draw attention to dangerous road crossing conditions. (1963)
11-Feb	Treaty on non-militarization of sea bed signed, London, Moscow & Washington. (1971)
11-Feb	Nelson Mandela freed after 27 years in a South African prison (1990)
12-Feb	NAACP founded. (1909)
12-Feb	First peacetime draft card burning. (1947)
12-Feb	The International Olympic Committee rejected a U.S. proposal to postpone or cancel the 1980 Summer Games or move the site from Moscow as a protest against the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. (1980)
12-Feb	About 5,000 demonstrators march on Atlanta's State Capitol to protest the Confederate symbol on the Georgia state flag. (1993)
13-Feb	The English Parliament enacted into law a Bill of Rights. (1689)
13-Feb	Carrying huge photos of Napalmed Vietnamese children, 2,500 members of the group Women Strike for Peace storm the Pentagon, demanding to see "the generals who send our sons to Vietnam." (1967)
13-Feb	Five soldiers arrested at pray-in for peace, Fort Jackson, South Carolina. (1968)
13-Feb	US bombs an Iraqi air raid shelter, killing 334. (1991)
14-Feb	Frederick Douglass, abolitionist leader, born into slavery. (1817)
14-Feb	New Jersey becomes the first state to legalize unions. (1883)
14-Feb	Founding of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), in Atlanta. (1957)
15-Feb	New Jersey becomes the last northern state to abolish slavery. (1804)
15-Feb	Susan B. Anthony born (1820)
16-Feb	A pastoral letter was read in the majority of Norwegian pulpits telling the fascist regime to "end all which conflicts with God's holy arrangements regarding truth, justice, freedom of conscience and goodness.." (1941)
17-Feb	Miguel de Cueno, a member of Columbus' second expedition, ships 550 captured Carib Indians to be slaves in Europe. 200 die at sea. (1495)
17-Feb	Dutch shipyard woprkers begin a two-day strike, which forced local German authorities to abandon plans to deport workers to Germany against their will. (1941)
17-Feb	Between 150-200 Africans from the Kota Kota District of Nysaland went to the police station to protest 10 arrests for illegal acts and to demand that they be arrested also. (1959)
17-Feb	The US Supreme Court issued its "one man, one vote" decision. (1964)
17-Feb	First meeting of Britain's Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND). (1958)
18-Feb	Pennsylvania Quakers make first formal protest against slavery (1688)
18-Feb	Nonviolent resistance to Austrian oppression results in separate constitution, Hungary. (1867)
18-Feb	Bertrand Russell, 89, leads march of 20,000 & sit-down of 5,000 in an anti-nuke rally outside U.K. Defense Ministry and is jailed for 7 days. (1961)
18-Feb	Five of the "Chicago Seven" (Rennie Davis, David Dellinger, Tom Hayden, Abbie Hoffman, and Jerry Rubin) are found guilty of crossing state lines to incite a riot at the 1968 Democratic convention, but are found not guilty of conspiracy. (1970)
19-Feb	Tsar Alexander II of Russia issued his decree abolishing Serfdom. (1862)
19-Feb	First Pan-African Congress organized by W.E.B. DuBois, Paris, France (1919)
19-Feb	Norwegian teachers begin successful nonviolent protest against Nazification of schools (1942)
19-Feb	Executive Order 9066, signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, ordered that all Japanese Americans (Nisei) be evacuated from the West Coast and be forced to live in concentration camps. (1942)
19-Feb	40,000 demonstrate against nuclear power, Brokdorf, West Germany. (1977)
19-Feb	The U.S. Senate approves a treaty outlawing genocide, 37 years after the pact had first been submitted for ratification. (1986)
19-Feb	6,000 rally against Gulf War, Brisbane, Australia. (1991)
19-Feb	A Superior Court judge ruled that a gay group has the right to march in South Boston's annual St. Patrick's Day Parade. (1993)
20-Feb	10 sleeping Indians scalped by soldiers in what will be New Hampshire for scalp bounty. First recorded instance of scalping. (1725)
20-Feb	Dueling is outlawed in the District of Columbia. (1839)
20-Feb	Utopian Society in Los Angeles starts chain-letter campaign informing US citizens that "Profit is the root of all evil." (1934)
20-Feb	US rejects Soviet proposal to ban nuclear weapons tests & deployment. (1956)
20-Feb	In Greenwood, MS, SNCC Voter Registration headquarters & 4 Negro businesses burned. (1963)
20-Feb	Faroes Islands' Parliament declares country a nuclear-free zone. (1984)
20-Feb	Nearly 100,000 march in Paris against new anti-immigration bill sponsored by the far right. (1997)
21-Feb	Beginning of the trial of Fr. Philip Berrigan & six other activists (The "Harrisburg Seven") in Harrisburg, PA for an alleged plot to kidnap Henry Kissinger. Proceedings later end in a mistrial. (1972)
21-Feb	Vaclav Havel is jailed for antigovernment demonstrations. Later becomes be president of the Czech Republic. (1989)
22-Feb	Tennessee abolished slavery. (1865)
22-Feb	Sophie Scholl, a 22-year-old "White Rose" activist at Munich University, is executed after being convicted of urging students to rise up & overthrow the Nazi government. (1943)
22-Feb	U.S. President Richard Nixon met with Chinese Premier Mao Tse-tung in Peking. This bold foreign policy coup ended more that two decades of Sino-American hostility. (1972)
23-Feb	Patrick Henry addresses a Virginia convention, saying "Give me liberty, or give me death." (1775)
23-Feb	American Anti-Vivisection Society formed in Pennsylvania. (1883)
23-Feb	Dockers strike against Nazi persecution of Jews, Amsterdam. (1941)
23-Feb	Wales becomes nuclear-free zone. (1982)
24-Feb	Students at Madrid University in Spain, campaigning for an independent student union, conducted a silent march then sat down at the police barriers which blocked their way. (1965)
24-Feb	District 1199 Health Care Workers becomes first U.S. labor union to oppose war in Vietnam. (1965)
24-Feb	A congressional commission release a report condemning the internment of Japanese-Americans during World War II, calling it a "grave injustice." (1983)
25-Feb	Samuel Colt receives a patent for his revolver. (1836)
25-Feb	Some released conscientious objectors return government pay for non-combatant services. (1919)
25-Feb	British volunteers organize nonviolent "Peace Army" to attempt to intervene in fighting in China. (1932)
26-Feb	A one-day strike to protest the ill treatment of the Jews was called in Amsterdam. (1941)
25-Feb	US Supreme Court voids Michigan law banning sale of books that might corrupt youth. (1957)
26-Feb	Jimmie Lee Jackson was beaten and shot by state troopers as he tried to protect his grandfather and mother from a trooper attack on civil rights marchers, in Marion, Ala. (1965)
26-Feb	West Virginia coal slag heap, which had doubled as a dam, suddenly collapses, flooding the 17-mile ling Buffalo Creek Valley. 118 die, 14 mining camps leveled, & 5,000 people left homeless. (1972)
26-Feb	Corazon Aquino assumes power after non-violent revolt deposes Marcos, Philippines (1986)
26-Feb	4,000 people picket outside NY's Waldorf-Astoria Hotel as President Lyndon Johnson receives the National Freedom Award. (1966)
26-Feb	International weapons inspection team, including Canadian MP Libby Davies, is not allowed to determine the presence of weapons of mass destruction at the Bangor, WA, nuclear submarine base. (1998)
27-Feb	Birthday of consumer activist Ralph Nader. (1927)
27-Feb	Supreme Court outlaws sit-down strikes. (1939)
27-Feb	Wharlest Jackson, the treasurer of the NAACP chapter in Natchez, Miss., was one of many blacks who received threatening Klan notices at his job. After Jackson was promoted to a position previously reserved for whites, a bomb was planted in his car. It exploded minutes after he left work one day, killing him instantly. (1967)
27-Feb	American Indian Movement occupied Wounded Knee, the site of the 1890 massacre of Sioux men, women and children (1973)
28-Feb	The Republican Party was organized. Their main platform was preventing an end to the expansion of slavery. (1854)
28-Feb	U.S. Government seizes Black Hills from Lakota Sioux in violation of treaty. (1877)
28-Feb	1,000 rally against war, Hyde Park, London. (1937)
28-Feb	Peace Memorial Day, also called 228 Memorial Day, in Taiwan, commemorating a 1947 incident of government oppression. (1947)
28-Feb	England: Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND) founded in London. (1958)
28-Feb	Nevada-Semipalatnisk Movement to Stop All Nuclear Testing founded in USSR. (1989)
28-Feb	NATO was involved in actual combat for the first timein its 45-year history when four U.S. fighter planes operating under NATO auspices shot down four Serb planes that'd violated the U.N. no-fly zone in central Bosnia. (1994)
28-Feb	The Brady Gun Law goes into effect. (1994)
28-Feb	Bowing to international pressure, Jorg Haider resigned as leader of Austria's anti-immigrant Freedom Party. Haider had come under scrutiny for his reported admiration of Hitler when his party was included in a government coalition. (2000)
29-Feb	The National Advisory Commission of Civil Disorders (Kerner Commission) warned that racism was causing America to move "toward two societies, one black, one white - separate but unequal" (1968)
29-Feb	South African Archbishop Desmond Tutu and other religious leaders arrested near Parliament with a petition to end apartheid (1988)
MARCH
1-Mar	In Salem, Massachusetts, the witch trials began. (1691)
1-Mar	Pennsylvania abolishes slavery. (1780)
1-Mar	First U.S. Census count includes slave & free Negroes. Indians were not included. (1790)
1-Mar	President Kennedy established the Peace Corps. (1961)
1-Mar	Nuclear Free Pacific Day to commemorate 2nd US hydrogen bomb dropped on Bikini Atoll. (1954)
1-Mar	Civil Rights Act enacted in US. (1875)
1-Mar	International Day of the Seal to promote awareness of the seal's peril. (since 1983)
1-Mar	Chicana Welfare Rights Organization is formed, with Alicia Escalante as director. (1968)
1-Mar	Women for Peace protest against militarism, Belgrade & Ljubljana, Yugoslavia. (1991)
1-Mar	15,000 demonstrate in Lunesburg against shipment of French nuclear waste to site in Gorleben. (1997)
2-Mar	Congress allows railroad companies blanket approval for rights- of-way through Indian lands. (1899)
2-Mar	Months before Rosa Parks, teenager Claudette Colvin is arrested in Montgomery, Alabama for refusing to give up her bus seat to a white person. (1955)
2-Mar	Native Americans, organized by the National Indian Youth Council, protest the denial of treaty rights by fishing in defiance of state law. (1964)
3-Mar	First U.S. draft law passes. Contains a clause providing draft exemption in exchange for a $300 -- a sum which only the rich could afford to pay. (1863)
3-Mar	Congress declares that all Native Americans are "wards of state," nullifying all treaties. (1871)
3-Mar	Over 5,000 women march on Washington to demand right to vote. (1913)
3-Mar	Village Council in Inuit town of Point Hope, in northwestern Alaska, objects in a letter to President Kennedy to chain explosion of five atomic bombs in nearby above-ground "Project Chariot" tests. (1961)
3-Mar	Chicano students walk out of Los Angeles high schools protesting racist policies. (1968)
3-Mar	Navajo & Hopi religious leaders request halt in construction of ski resort in the San Francisco Peaks, northern Arizona. (1981)
4-Mar	Suffragists, walking single file in Knightsbridge, London, smash every window they pass to protest government inaction. (1912)
4-Mar	Union of Concerned Scientists founded. (1969)
4-Mar	40,000 demonstrate against uranium enrichment plant, Almelo, Netherlands. (1978)
5-Mar	A nuclear non-proliferation treaty went into effect after 43 nations ratified it. (1970)
5-Mar	Ukraine, voluntarily agreeing to give up nuclear weapons, begins transfer of its nuclear stockpile to Russia. (1994)
6-Mar	Mexican troops defeat foreign slaveholders and mercenaries at the Alamo. (1836)
6-Mar	The Dred Scott decision is handed down by the Supreme Court. It ruled that African-Americans are not full citizens, and an escaped slave could not sue for his freedom. (1857)
6-Mar	Susan B. Anthony & more than 100 other suffragists present President Chester Arthur with a demand that he support women's right to vote. (1884)
6-Mar	Muhammad Ali is ordered by the Selective Service to be inducted. He refuses, citing his religious beliefs preclude him from killing others. (1967)
6-Mar	In Palestine, hundreds demonstrate for an end to all violence. (1996)
7-Mar	A march by civil rights demonstrators in Selma, AL, was broken up by state troopers and a sheriff's posse. (1965)
7-Mar	Federal Court rules that a peace group must have the same access to students at high school career days as military recruiters. (1988)
7-Mar	Activists sit in to protest refusal of the Albany (New York) City Council to pass legislation prohibiting discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation. (1988)
7-Mar	500 women march on the National Palace in Guatemala City.in a commemoration of state violence against women. (1996)
8-Mar	Thousands of workers in the NY needle trades (primarily women) demonstrate & begin a strike for higher wages, shorter workday & an end to child labor. Becomes the basis for International Women's Day. (1908)
8-Mar	International Women's Day. (Since 1945)
8-Mar	World Peace Council launches drive to ban all nuclear weapons. (1955)
8-Mar	First U.S. Combat troops enter Vietnam. (1965)
8-Mar	The Anti Apartheid movement held a mass lobby of the House of Commons in London to push for a firm stand against the government of South Africa. (1965)
8-Apr	40,000 rally against war in Lebanon, organized by Peace Now, in Tel Aviv, Israel. (1983)
8-Apr	La Ragnatela (Spider's Web) Women's Peace Camp created at Comiso, Sicily, Italy, the first overseas site for U.S. cruise missiles. (1983)
8-Apr	Women from Eastern & Western Europe invite all citizens to sign petition for denuclearization. (1985)
9-Mar	U.S. Supreme Court frees slaves who seized slave ship Amisted in 1839. (1841)
9-Mar	"Foodless Lunch" to publicize the plight of the hungry people of Europe held at Waldorf hotel in London. (1945)
9-Mar	The Supreme Court issues its New York Times vs. Sullivan decision, which said public officials who charged they'd been libeled could not recover damages for a report related to their official duties unless they proved actual malice on the part of the news organization. (1964)
9-Mar	CBS cancels the Smothers Brothers Hour after they refuse to censor a comment made by Joan Baez. She wanted to dedicate her song to her husband, David, who was about to go to jail for objecting to the draft. (1969)
10-Mar	Slavery abolished in China (1910)
10-Mar	Harriet Tubman Day, on the anniversary of her death in 1913 to honor her work freeing slaves. (1913)
10-Mar	500,000 demonstrate against affiliation with NATO, Madrid, Spain (1986)
10-Mar	Women resist mobilization of kinsmen, Tresnjevac, Serbia. (1992)
11-Mar	Gandhi's Salt March begins, from Ahmadabad to Delhi, in protest against salt tax. (1930)
11-Mar	The Rev. James Reeb, a Unitarian minister from Boston, was among many white clergyman who joined the Selma marchers after the attack by state troopers at the Edmund Pettus Bridge. Reeb was beaten to death by white men while he walked down a Selma, Ala. street. (1965)
11-Mar	Cesar Chavez ends 23-day fast for US farm workers. (1976)
11-Mar	Beginning of 10 days of direct actions at Nevada Test Site which result in over 2,200 arrests, the largest number of arrests at a political protest outside Washington, D.C. in U.S. history. (1988)
12-Mar	Maximilian, a Christian, beheaded by Romans for refusing military service, Thevesta, N. Africa. (295)
12-Mar	The Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) wins Lawrence, MA "Bread & Roses" textile strike after nine weeks involving 32,000 strikers. (1912)
12-Mar	Ann Frank dies at Bergen-Belsen. (1945)
12-Mar	New York becomes the first state to prohibit discrimination by race & creed in employment. (1945)
12-Mar	Nearly a hundred Congressional Representatives & Senators sign the "Southern Manifesto," vowing to fight the Supreme Court school desegregation decision. (1956)
12-Mar	300 women workers stage slow-down at Control Data in Seoul, Korea, protesting the firing of their union president. (1982)
12-Mar	Pope John Paul II asks God's forgiveness for the sins of Roman Catholics through the ages, including wrongs inflicted on Jews, women and minorities. (2000)
13-Mar	First contingent of 14,030 Navajo reach Fort Sumner, New Mexico during the Long Walk of the Navajo, a 400-mile forced march in which thousands died. (1864)
13-Mar	Pax Christi founded, France. (1945)
13-Mar	Kitty Genovese stabbed to death in Queens, New York while Winston Mosley rapes & fatally stabs her in three separate attacks occurring over a period of more than half an hour. Although 38 people witness some or all of the crime, as Genovese cried for help, no one called for help until she was already dead, 35 minutes after the assault begins. (1964)
13-Mar	Clouds of nerve gas drift outside the Army's Dugway Proving Grounds in Utah, poisoning 6,400 sheep in nearby Skull Valley. (1968)
14-Mar	Peace activist and scientist Albert Einstein born in Ulm, Germany. (1879)
14-Mar	National Civil Liberties Council founded in England. (1934)
14-Mar	Sixteen disabled rights activists arrested at the U.S. Capitol demanding passage of what would become the Americans With Disabilities Act. (1990)
15-Mar	First federal women's suffrage amendment ever introduced in U.S. Congress. (1869)
15-Mar	Finland became the first European country to allow women to vote. (1907)
15-Mar	Oil is discovered in Saudi Arabia (1938)
15-Mar	78 protesters arrested during a second attempt by Native American activists to occupy Fort Lawton, demanding that Seattle give the unused facility back to Native Americans. (1970)
15-Mar	Activists across Britain stage supermarket protests against genetically engineered foods. (1997)
15-Mar	In a 14-page statement, the Vatican apologized for not doing more to prevent the murders of millions of Jews at the hands of the Nazis. (1998)
16-Mar	The first newspaper edited for and by African-Americans, Freedom's Journal, is published in New York. (1827)
16-Mar	Freedom of Information Day, on the anniversary of the birth of former president James Madison, who helped draft the Bill of Rights to the US Constitution. (1751)
16-Mar	War Resisters International founded. (1921)
16-Mar	My Lai Massacre (1968)
17-Mar	In London, at the largest Vietnam antiwar march in Britain to date, 25,000 people attempt to storm the American Embassy at Grosvenor Square. (1968)
17-Mar	3,000 Ethiopian women workers march for equal pay & better labor conditions. (1974)
17-Mar	30,000 march in Villahermosa, Mexico, in support of a campaign to blockade state-owned oil wells that had displaced thousands of poor people. (1996)
18-Mar	Tolpuddle Martyrs banished to Australia for union activities. (1843)
18-Mar	Beginning of Paris Commune. (1871)
18-Mar	202 African Americans sailed from Savannah, GA to make a new home in Monrovia, Liberia, an African colony formed by freed slaves. (1895)
18-Mar	Algeria becomes an independent nation after 130 years of coloniual rule. (1962)
18-Mar	The Supreme Court rules on Gideon v. Wainwright, holding states must supply free legal counsel to all poor persons facing criminal charges.(1963)
18-Mar	The first big oil spill: US supertanker "Torrey Canyon" runs aground off Land's End, Cornwall, England, releasing 119,000 tons of oil. (1967)
19-Mar	50 Greenwich Village folk artists protest Pete Seeger's blacklisting from the television show "Hootenanny." (1963)
19-Mar	45 Moroccan students began a sit-in and 24-hour fast at the Moroccan Embassy in Moscow to protest death sentnces and severe imprisonments of alleged antigovernment plotters in Morocco. (1964)
19-Mar	43 arrested at Chase Manhattan Bank in NYC, protesting loans to South Africa (1965)
19-Mar	200 women seize the New York offices of "Ladies Home Journal," demanding what they call a "Women's Liberated Journal." (1970)
19-Mar	Cyprus: 4,500 join Women's Walk Home nonviolent crossing of Green Line partition. (1989)
19-Mar	50,000 march in Amsterdam to protest US deployment of the neutron bomb in Europe. (1978)
20-Mar	Switzerland declares perpetual neutrality (1815)
20-Mar	Harriet Beecher Stowe's influential novel about slavery, Uncle Tom's Cabin, is first published. (1852)
20-Mar	Selma to Montgomery march begins. (1965)
20-Mar	Johann Sebastian Bach born. (1685)
20-Mar	In Australia 150,000 (1% of population) demonstrate in anti-nuclear rallies. (1983)
21-Mar	A Hatfield marries a McCoy, ends long feud in West Virginia. (1891)
21-Mar	69 killed in Sharpeville massacre by South African police. (1960)
21-Mar	Viola Liuzzo murdered while transporting civil rights workers after the Selma-to-Montgomery march. (1965)
21-Mar	International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, United Nations (since 1966)
21-Mar	Proctor & Gamble Company accidentally ejects 5,000 gallons of soybean oil into the Chicago River, reducing the local percentage of dissolved oxygen (necessary for marine life respiration) to zero. (1969)
21-Mar	The newly wed John Lennon & Yoko Ono begin their famous "bed-in for peace" at the Amsterdam Hilton. (1969)
21-Mar	Menomonee activists take over courthouse in Kenosha, Wisc., demanding authorities investigate the beating of two women. (1977)
21-Mar	Ploughshares Two disable U.S. F-111 bomber, Upper Heyford, England. (1990)
21-Mar	The state of Mississippi belatedly ratifies the 13th amendment to the US Constitution outlawing slavery. (1990)
22-Mar	The Pilgrims and Massasoit Indians agree on a league of friendship. (1621)
22-Mar	Slavery is abolished in Puerto Rico. (1873)
22-Mar	Equal Rights Amendment passed by Congress. (1974)
22-Mar	30,000 march in Washington, DC against draft registration. (1980)
22-Mar	A boat piled with 3,168 tons of garbage begins a 162-day, 6,000-mile search for a port willing to take its load. After being rebuffed by 6 states & 3 countries, New York City agrees to burn the trash. (1987)
23-Mar	Trial of 101 Wobblies (Industrial Workers of the World; IWW) begins in Chicago, for opposition to World War I. (1918)
23-Mar	The U.S. government begins moving native-born Americans of Japanese ancestry from their West Coast homes to imprisonment in detention centers. (1942)
23-Mar	Archbishop Romero assassinated, El Salvador (1980)
23-Mar	New Zealand: One thousand boats demonstrate against arrival of U.S.S. Queenfish, Auckland. (1984)
24-Mar	Willi Leddra executed in New England for being a Quaker. (1661)
24-Mar	Canadian women win the right to vote. (1918)
24-Mar	1,172 arrested in sit-down against nuclear weapons, Parliament Square, London, England. (1964)
24-Mar	First teach-in to oppose the Vietnam War held at University of Michigan (1965)
24-Mar	Martin Luther King, Jr., publicly announced his strong opposition to the Vietnam War. (1967)
24-Mar	US and NATO begin 78 days of bombing in Yugoslavia (1999)
24-Mar	The Exxon Valdez runs aground (1989)
25-Mar	Toronto printers strike for the 9-hour day -- the first major strike in Canada. (1872)
25-Mar	Coxey's "Army" heads peacefully from Ohio for Washington DC, demanding economic reform. (1894)
25-Mar	Triangle shirtwaist fire kills 145 in New York City,stirring public outrage and spurs workplace safety reform.(1911)
25-Mar	Sisterhood of International Peace founded in Australia. (1915)
25-Mar	Viola Gregg Liuzo, a housewife and mother from Detroit, drove alone to Alabama to help with the Selma march after seeing televised reports of the attack at the Edmund Pettus Bridge. She was driving marchers back to Selma from Montgomery when she was shot and killed by a Klansmen in a passing car. (1965)
25-Mar	Britain abolished the slave trade. (1807)
25-Mar	30,000 in Children's March for Survival, Washington, D.C., protesting welfare cuts. (1972)
26-Mar	First Jews Boarded on Trains for Auschwitz. (1942)
26-Mar	Over 50,000 march in Fifth Avenue Vietnam Peace Parade in New York City. (1966)
26-Mar	New York City Central Park Love-In, 10,000 show up. (1967)
26-Mar	John & Yoko Ono-Lennon start seven day bed-in against the Vietnam War. (1969)
26-Mar	500 fast against construction of nuclear reactors, Switzerland. (1978)
26-Mar	Israeli-Egyptian Peace Agreement signed (1979)
26-Mar	US Supreme Court upholds a ruling that an Oklahoma law permitting the dismissal of teachers for speaking out on gay rights is unconstitutional. (1986)
26-Mar	More than 3,000 people flee ethnic violence in Burundi, Africa. (1995)
27-Mar	Blacks stage ride-ins on Charleston, SC street cars; 2 months later, railway company integrates. (1867)
27-Mar	20,000 Buddhists in silent march for peace, Hue, South Vietnam. (1966)
27-Mar	The first Chicano Youth Liberation Conference is held by the Crusade for Justice; the poet known as Alurista presents his poem on the myth of Aztlán, which captures the imagination of the conference. (1969)
27-Mar	Nuclear power plant accident at Three Mile Island, PA. (1979)
28-Mar	NY State abolished slavery. (1799)
28-Mar	Canada: 2,000 demonstrate against conscription, in Quebec. (1918)
28-Mar	300 arrested in sit-down protest at U.S. Air Force headquarters, Ruislip. (1964)
28-Mar	Martin Luther King, Jr.calls for boycott of Alabama. (1965)
28-Mar	US Senators Frank Church & George McGovern come out against the Vietnam War. (1965)
28-Mar	Spanish university students march against fascist government of Generalissimo Franco. (1968)
28-Mar	Martin Luther King, Jr., leads a march by striking sanitation workers in Memphis, Tenn. Violence at the march persuades King to return to Memphis the following week. (1968)
28-Mar	In the worst nuclear disaster in US history, a Three Mile Island cooling unit fails, leading to a meltdown that uncovers the reactor's core. (1979)
29-Mar	First American forestry legislation enacted, Plymouth Colony. (1626)
29-Mar	African-American men gain right to vote, 15th Amendment. (1870)
29-Mar	Black leaders protest the showing of D. W. Griffith's Birth of a Nation, scheduled to open at the Rialto Theatre in Charleston on April 1, on the grounds it violated a 1919 state law prohibiting any entertainment which demeaned another race. (1925)
29-Mar	Nicaragua: Vietnam Veterans For Peace, marching from Jinotega, reach Wicuili. (1987)
30-Mar	Closure of shops in protest against Rowlatt Bills, which ruled that dangerous' persons could be held in jail without trial or legal representation in a court of law begins, New Delhi. (1919)
30-Mar	After years of struggle and a nationwide boycott, the United Farm Workers sign the first table-grape contract with two of California's largest grape growers. (1970)
30-Mar	In the Philippines, 10,000 demonstrate against Marcos. (1978)
30-Mar	80,000 demonstrate against nuclear power, Wackersdorf, Germany. (1980)
31-Mar	10-hour workday established for federal public works employees. (1840)
31-Mar	Dalai Lama Begins Exile. (1959)
31-Mar	Cesar Chavez born. (1927)
31-Mar	Gandhi begins nonviolent campaign for temple entry, Vykom. (1924)
31-Mar	Jews Expelled from Spain. (1492)
31-Mar	2,500 Berkeley students turn in draft cards. (1970)
31-Mar	300,000 demonstrate in peace rallies throughout Australia. (1985)
31-Mar	Five Plowshares activists hammer missile launching cones on nuclear Navy ship, Milwaukee. (1991)
31-Mar	Four East Timorese arrested in Warton, at the British Aerospace factory where Indonesian Hawk fighter jets, used in the ongoing occupation & genocide of their homeland, are built. (1997)
31-Mar	President Lyndon Johnson announces he will not seek reelection, orders partial bombing halt in Vietnam & appoints Averell Harriman to seek negotiated peace talks with North Vietnam. (1968)
APRIL
1-Apr	Diggers occupy Saint George's Hill, seizing land to hold in common & to plant. (1649)
1-Apr	Brook Farm, history's most famous utopian community, is founded near West Roxbury, Massachusetts. It's primary appeal was to young Bostonians who shrink from the materialism of American life. (1841)
1-Apr	Michigan becomes first state to abolish the death penalty. (1847)
1-Apr	US Congress overrides President Andrew Johnson's veto of Civil Rights Bill, gives equal rights to all men born in the US except Indians. (1866)
1-Apr	Gandhi ends salt march by illegally collecting salt from the sea. (1930)
1-Apr	500 school children, most with haggard faces & in tattered clothes, paraded through Chicago's downtown section to the Board of Education offices to demand that the school system provide them with food. (1932)
1-Apr	Protesters at Greenham Common form a human chain 14 miles long to oppose missiles. (1983)
1-Apr	South Africa: boycott of segregated schools begins. (1955)
1-Apr	The Pilgrim-Wampanoag Peace Treaty is signed. (1621)
1-Apr	Environmental Protection Agency orders end to dumping of sludge off the New Jersey coast. (1985)
2-Apr	A demonstration of 10,000 liberals, in Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, protesting the re-election of General Bernardo Reyes as state governor, were fired on by federales under the command of Reyes himself. 15 protesters were killed & many more wounded. (1903)
2-Apr	Jeannette Rankin, (R-MT) the first woman ever elected to Congress, took her seat. (1917)
2-Apr	Nearly 100 student from 19 states attend workshop at Highlander School; Guy Carawan teaches them 1930s labor songs: "We Shall Not Be Moved," "Keep Your Eyes on the Prize," "This Little Light of Mine," "We Shall Overcome." (1960)
2-Apr	100,000 Vietnamese demonstrate in Da Nang against U.S. & South Vietnamese governments. (1966)
2-Apr	Massachusetts enacts a law which exempts its citizens from having to fight in an undeclared war. (1970)
2-Apr	President Reagan authorizes much broader powers for the government to hide/withhold information on citizens on "national security" grounds. (1982)
3-Apr	Three day, fifty mile peace march from Trafalgar Square to Aldermaston, Berkshire begins to protest Britain's development of nuclear weaponry; first of many. (1958)
3-Apr	Martin Luther King, Jr., launches voter registration drive in Birmingham, Alabama. Police Chief "Bull" Connor responds with fire hoses & attack dogs. (1963)
3-Apr	700 in Budget Day protest against taxation for nuclear arms, House of Commons, London. (1963)
3-Apr	Martin Luther King, Jr. "I've been to the mountaintop" speech delivered. (1968)
4-Apr	4,000 begin first of what would become eleven consecutive annual Easter protest marches from London to Aldermaston AWRE spy base in England. (1958)
4-Apr	Martin Luther King, Jr., preaches against Vietnam War & calls for common cause between civil rights & anti-war movements, Riverside Church, New York City. (1967)
4-Apr	Martin Luther King, Jr. Assassinated. (1968)
4-Apr	CBS-TV touches off censorship controversy by its cancellation of the irreverent & anti-war "The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour." (1964)
4-Apr	Henry Cisneros becomes mayor of San Antonio, Texas; the first Mexican-American elected mayor of a major U.S. city. (1981)
4-Apr	Columbia University students occupy Hamilton Hall to demand South African divestment (1985)
5-Apr	On Easter Monday, 100 Sinn Fein prisoners at Mountjoy Gaol began a mass hunger strike, demanding that they be treated as political prisoners or released. The were set free ten days later. (1920)
5-Apr	Nuclear free zone declared by Dublin City Council. (1982)
5-Apr	Solidarity granted legal status in Poland (1989)
5-Apr	Nonviolent demonstration against war, Parliament building, Sarajevo. (1992)
5-Apr	54 arrested in Good Friday protest at Livermore Nuclear Weapons Laboratory, Livermore, California. (1996)
6-Apr	First Major Slave Rebellion in the Colonies, New York (1712)
6-Apr	Hot Springs, Arkansas professional baseball team is voted out of the Class C Cotton States League after the club refuses to cancel contracts with two black pitchers had hired. (1953)
6-Apr	Tens of thousands protesting Vietnam War jeer Vice President Humphrey in West Berlin, West Germany. (1967)
6-Apr	11 arrested at main post office near Capitol Hill, Washington, D.C., for attempting to mail needed medical supplies to Iraq in defiance of U.S.-led embargo. (1996)
7-Apr	World Health Day (since 1948)
7-Apr	Start of a 90-day genocide in Rwanda which left 500,000 people dead. Commemorated by prayer vigils in Rwanda. (1994)
8-Apr	Paul Robeson born. (1898)
8-Apr	Marian Anderson performs a concert at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington after she is denied the use of Constitution Hall by the Daughters of the American Revolution. (1939)
8-Apr	Women in Black demonstrate in solidarity with their Serbian sisters, Lund, Sweden. (1993)
9-Apr	First freedom ride, "Journey of Reconciliation," sponsored by CORE and FOR. (1947)
9-Apr	Members of Big Stone Cree end a 250 mile march to Edmonton to highlight economic plight of Big Stone Cree in northern Alberta. (1981)
10-Apr	1st ghetto, Jews are compelled to live in specific area of Venice. (1516)
10-Apr	The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA) is incorporated. (1866)
10-Apr	Nebraskans planted more than a million trees in celebration of the first Arbor Day. (1872)
10-Apr	US troops liberate Nazi concentration camp at Buchenwald, Germany (1945)
10-Apr	Nat "King" Cole is attacked and severely beaten by a group of racial segregationists while singing onstage at the Municipal Hall in Birmingham, Alabama. (1956)
10-Apr	About 500 factory workers making rockets in Stevenage, England, call a one-hour strike in support of unilateral renunciation of nuclear weapons. (1959)
10-Apr	The United States and the Soviet Union join some 70 nations in signing an agreement banning biological warfare.(1972)
10-Apr	UN approves world treaty assuring no civilians should be attacked with "napalm, mines or booby-traps." Defeated by US veto. (1981)
11-Apr	Pacem in Terris encyclical issued by Pope John XIII, calling for an end to the nuclear arms race. (1963)
11-Apr	The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission issues regulations specifically prohibiting sexual harassment of workers by supervisors. (1980)
11-Apr	Treaty of Pelindaba signed in Cairo, making Africa a nuclear-free continent and in theory making the entire southern hemisphere a nuclear-free zone. (1996)
12-Apr	60,000 students across the country took place in the first nation wide student strike. The protest was against participation in any war. (1937)
12-Apr	90-year-old Jeanette Rankin, the only member of Congress to vote against U.S. entry to both World Wars, leads 8,000 in protest of the Vietnam War in the Women's peace march on the Pentagon.(1971)
12-Apr	First European anti-nuclear power demonstration, Fessenheim. (1971)
12-Apr	At President Carter's request, the US Olympic Committee votes not to attend the Moscow Summer Olympics in retaliation for the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. (1980)
13-Apr	During Easter Week, Bishop Ambrose of Milan defied orders of the Imperial Roman government to surrender one of his churched, risking imprisonment and death, and with the church surrounded by troops, he continued to hold mass five times a day. The government capitualted. (385)
13-Apr	Amritsar Massacre - 379 unarmed demonstrators killed by British in India (1919)
13-Apr	Rachel Carson's book indicting the pesticide industry, Silent Spring, is published. (1962)
13-Apr	Catholic Worker activists arrested in protest at World Bank headquarters, Washington DC. (1995)
14-Apr	The first American society for the abolition of slavery is organized by Benjamin Franklin and Benjamin Rush. (1775)
14-Apr	Police arrest over 100 Chicano farm workers for their union activities in Imperial Valley, California. Eight will be convicted of so-called "criminal syndicalism." (1930)
14-Apr	Bruderhof, a Christian peace church, raided by the Gestapo in Frankfurt. (1937)
14-Apr	$675,000,000,000,000 suit is bought against General Motors for polluting the country. (1971)
14-Apr	Denmark declares its ports nuclear-free. (1988)
15-Apr	Jack Roosevelt Robinson becomes the first African-American in the 20th Century to play in a Major League Baseball game. (1947)
15-Apr	Mass rally after release of 2,000 arrested for trying to hold Marathon peace march, Acropolis, Athens. (1963)
15-Apr	Over 150 people burn draft cards - Vietnam War protest in Central Park, NYC (1967)
15-Apr	Australia: 250,000 attend nuclear disarmament rallies across the country. (1984)
16-Apr	US Senate ratifies Rush-Bagot amendment, disarming the US-Canadian border. (1818)
16-Apr	Greek government bans Marathon Peace March, held yearly since 1961. (1967)
16-Apr	Vietnam Veterans Against the War (VVAW) throw medals on Capitol steps (1971)
16-Apr	Internal Revenue Service (IRS) estimates over 2,000 people openly refused to pay part or all of their income tax in protest over the war in Vietnam (1971)
16-Apr	In Sweden, a bridge is blocked to stop boat loaded with guns for export. (1983)
17-Apr	22 arrested in Times Square for refusing to take part in civil defense drill, New York City. (1959)
17-Apr	Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee founded, Raleigh, NC (1960)
17-Apr	The Bay of Pigs Invasion (1961)
17-Apr	First national demonstration against Vietnam War, 25,000 march in Washington, DC (1965)
18-Apr	Bus companies in New York City agree to hire black workers after a four-week boycott. (1941)
18-Apr	"Choose Life" Plowshares action at Bofors weapons factory in Karlskoga, exporter of arms to Indonesia. (1997)
19-Apr	The American Revolution Begins (1775)
19-Apr	Warsaw Ghetto Uprising Begins (1943)
19-Apr	Costa Rica abolishes its army. (1948)
20-Apr	Harriet Tubman begins her Underground Railroad. (1853)
20-Apr	Ku Klux Klan Act Passed by Congress; authority to use military force against Klan (1871)
20-Apr	Ludlow Massacre, troops kill 25 in attack on strikers living in tents in Colorado (1914)
20-Apr	The U.S. Supreme Court upholds the use of busing to achieve racial desegregation in schools. (1971)
20-Apr	Supreme Court rules that the state motto, "Live Free or Die", may be covered up on New Hampshire license plates. (1977)
20-Apr	Killings at Littleton, Colorado's Columbine High School, where two teenagers killed 12 fellow students, a teacher and themselves (1999)
21-Apr	Chinese Students Begin Protests at Tiananmen Square (1989)
22-Apr	First Earth Day observance (1970)
22-Apr	The U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum is dedicated in Washington, D.C., to honor the victims of Nazi extermination. (1993)
22-Apr	60,000 attend anti-war rock concert, Belgrade, Serbia. (1992)
23-Apr	A 24-hour strike was held in Ireland to protest conscription without home rule. (1918)
23-Apr	A Garhwali regiment refused to fire on peaceful demonstrators in Peshwar, India, an act for which its members were prosecuted. (1930)
23-Apr	Army-McCarthy Hearings Begin (1953)
23-Apr	William Lewis Moore, a postman from Baltimore, was shot and killed in Attalla, Ala. during a one-man march against segregation. Moore had planned to deliver a letter to the governor of Mississippi urging an end to intolerance. (1963)
23-Apr	Students at Columbia seize buildings to protest war research & razing Harlem for new gym (1968)
23-Apr	In the final event of Operation Dewey Canyon Three, nearly 1,000 Vietnam War veterans return their combat medals to the government. (1971)
23-Apr	Nineteen demonstrators arrested in Kiev, during illegal anti-nuclear protest marking 10th anniversary of Chernobyl. (1996)
24-Apr	The Easter Uprising begins in Ireland. (1916)
24-Apr	President Kennedy authorizes high-altitude testing of nuclear weapons, to determine whether missile-borne warheads can be used to black out military communications. (1962)
24-Apr	500,000 demonstrate against Vietnam War in Washington, DC (1971)
24-Apr	International demonstrations against the plight of laboratory animals. (1983)
25-Apr	Peaceful uprising by army and civilians ends 48 years of fascism in Portugal (1974)
25-Apr	Women lay wreath for all women of all countries raped in war, Canberra, Australia. (1982)
25-Apr	Tens of thousands march on Washington, D.C. to demand an end to U.S. wars in Central America. (1987)
25-Apr	175 women arrested for marching to mourn the rape of women in war, Sydney and Melbourne, Australia. (1983)
25-Apr	Over one million march in Washington, D.C., for gay, lesbian, bisexual, & transgender rights. (1993)
26-Apr	Nazis Test Luftwaffe on Basque Town of Guernica (1937)
26-Apr	Actress Vanessa Redgrave is among 826 British anti-nuclear protesters arrested during a London sit-down. (1961)
26-Apr	"Corky" Gonzales founds Crusade for Justice, Chicano activist group, Denver, CO (1966)
26-Apr	National student strike against the war enlists as many as one million high school & college students across U.S. (1968)
26-Apr	South Africa Holds first multiracial Elections (1994)
27-Apr	The first strike for the 10-hour work-day, by carpenters in Boston. (1825)
27-Apr	16 pacifists, including A.J. Muste & Evan Thomas, refuse to register for the draft. (1942)
27-Apr	Student protests in the wake of rigged elections force the resignation of US-backed President Syngman Rhee. (1960)
27-Apr	10,000 march in Washington, D.C., calling for impeachment of President Nixon. (1974)
27-Apr	Zuni tribe files suit against U.S. government for New Mexico lands taken or damaged between 1846 - 1946. (1979)
27-Apr	Navajos demonstrate as Gulf Oil sinks a uranium mine into sacred mountain (1979)
27-Apr	CIA HQ in Langley, Virginia is blockaded & shut down by protesters of US policies in Central America & southern Africa.700 arrested. (1987)
27-Apr	30,000 rally in Germany for an end to nuclear power. (1996)
27-Apr	Twenty-seven arrested at Watts Bar nuclear power plant, Spring City, Tennessee. (1996)
27-Apr	Seventeen activists protesting continued funding of the School of the Americas are arrested for digging a mass grave on Pentagon grounds. (1997)
28-Apr	Catholic workers refuse to leave park in Manhattan during nuclear civil defense drill (1961)
28-Apr	Muhammad Ali refuses induction into the army and is stripped of his boxing title. (1967)
28-Apr	Mothers hold first rally for the disappeared at Plaza de la Maya, Buenos Aires (1977)
28-Apr	At Rocky Flats nuclear weapons facility, near Denver, over 5,000 protest and 284 arrested for blocking railroad tracks entering the plant. (1978)
28-Apr	Sixty-one arrested for dismantling railroad tracks leading out of Gundremmingen nuclear power station, Bavaria, Germany. (1996)
29-Apr	Women's International League for Peace and Freedom founded, The Hague. (1915)
29-Apr	American soldiers liberate the Nazi concentration camp in Dachau, Germany. (1945)
29-Apr	826 arrested in London rally against nuclear weapons (1961)
29-Apr	10,000 demonstrate against nuclear power plant expansion, Windscale, Cumbria, England. (1978)
29-Apr	Wrecking cranes begin tearing down the section of the Berlin Wall surrounding the Brandenburg Gate, the wall's most famous section. (1990)
29-Apr	In Seoul, Korea, three men are arrested for protesting a nuclear power plant under construction. (1996)
30-Apr	American Friends Service Committee founded. (1917)
30-Apr	1,415 arrested in occupation of Seabrook nuclear power plant, New Hampshire (1977)
30-Apr	About 120 activists arrested over the next eight days in Washington, D.C., in support of a White House fast by Sister Diana Ortiz. Ortiz was kidnapped, tortured, & raped by US-trained & supported Guatemalan Army officers in 1989; she was fasting to demand that the US government release information on her assailants. (1996)
MAY
1-May	Mother Jones (born Mary Harris), Irish-American anti-war activist & labor radical, born in Cork, Ireland. (1830)
1-May	International Workers Day (since 1886)
1-May	Catholic Worker newspaper founded by Dorothy Day and Peter Maurin. (1933)
1-May	Glenn Taylor, Idaho Senator, arrested in Birmingham, Alabama for trying to enter a meeting through a door marked "for Negroes". (1948)
1-May	"Educational television Act", P.L. 87-447, is signed into law. (1962)
1-May	Second Factory for Peace opens, Onllwyn, Dulais Valley, Wales. (1965)
1-May	500,000 Vietnamese march for end of war. (1966)
1-May	Soviet youths openly defied police & danced the twist in Moscow's Red Square during May Day celebrations. (1967)
1-May	Beginning of five days of anti-war May Day protests in Washington, D.C., resulting in over 14,000 arrests--the largest mass civil disobedience in U.S. history. (1971)
1-May	24-hour occupation of Seabrook (NH) nuclear power site results in 1,415 arrests. The action, sponsored by Clamshell Alliance, becomes a model for anti-nuclear direct actions across the country. (1971)
1-May	Day of resistance & protest against Falklands War. (1982)
1-May	One million South Africans strike against apartheid in COSATU strike. (1986)
1-May	Marchers in Quito protest "disappeared people". (1993)
1-May	Rally to Save Ancient Forests in Eugene, Oregon as logging season begins. (1999)
2-May	Indian Parliament forbids discrimination based on caste. (1955)
2-May	Poor People's Campaign March on Washington, DC (1968)
2-May	Hungary begins dismantling 150-mile-long fence on Austrian-Hungarian border. (1989)
3-May	Pete Seeger is born in New York City. (1919)
3-May	Through May 12; British General Strike, an outgrowth of unsatisfied claims of coal miners, evolved into a test of powers between workers and the government. (1936)
3-May	US: War resistor Igal Roodenko declares his refusal to work until the hunger strike of Stanley Murphy & Lou Taylor in Danbury Prison was ended. Four days later it was, & he went back to his duties "until the next time." (1943)
3-May	In Birmingham, Alabama, "Bull" Connor orders fire houses & dogs turned on children marching out of the 16th St Baptist Church to keep them from marching out of the "Negro section". (1963)
3-May	Students take over Northwestern University (Evanston, Illinois), demanding African-oriented curriculum. (1968)
3-May	The Nixon administration arrests nearly 13,000 anti-war protesters who disrupt Monday morning rush hour in Washington. (1971)
3-May	National Public Radio premieres. (1971)
3-May	60,000 march on Pentagon to end military involvement in El Salvador (1980)
4-May	First Freedom Riders' interstate bus integration attempt, Washington to New Orleans (1961)
4-May	Four Kent State students killed, 13 wounded by National Guard, in Kent, OH (1970)
4-May	30,000 students march for democracy to Tienanmen Square, Beijing. (1989)
4-May	Kampuchea (Cambodia): Dhammayietra, walk for peace, to Phnom Penh, begins, Siem Reap. (1993)
5-May	Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution ratified, which outlawed slavery (1865)
5-May	Congress passes the Geary Chinese Exclusion Act, which required Chinese in the United States to be registered or face deportation. (1892)
5-May	US: Biology teacher John T. Scopes arrested for teaching the theory of evolution in a Tennessee school, a violation of state law. (1925)
5-May	231 military induction orders burned, Los Angeles. (1969)
5-May	1,500 gather in Livermore, Calif. to protest nuclear research laboratory run by the Univ. of California. (1979)
5-May	Bobby Sands, IRA member, dies in prison from hunger strike (1980)
5-May	Over 1 million Sicilians, 1/5 of the population, have signed a petition against US base at Comiso. (1983)
5-May	Last U.S. cruise missile leaves Greenham Common Air Base, site of a decade of strident women's anti-nuclear protests. (1991)
5-May	Mothers of soldiers demand return of sons from extra-territorial fronts, Belgrade, Serbia. (1992)
6-May	Alexander Berkman starts the No Conscription League. (1916)
6-May	Mohandas Gandhi released from his last imprisonment, India. (1944)
6-May	Congressional hearings begin on ratification of Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) to the U.S. Constitution. (1970)
6-May	Two African American students are murdered by government troops at Jackson State University in Mississippi. The two students were watching anti-Vietnam War demonstrators from a nearby dormitory tower.(1970)
6-May	Demonstrations against Pacific nuclear tests in 14 cities across France. (1973)
6-May	415 arrested at proposed nuclear site in Seabrook, NH (1977)
6-May	125,000 rally in Washington, D.C. to oppose nuclear power. (1979)
7-May	William Penn begins monthly meetings for Blacks advocating emancipation. (1700)
7-May	Protestant mob in Philadelphia, shouting "Kill them! Kill them!" burns down over 30 homes in the predominantly Irish suburb of Kensington. (1844)
7-May	The Rev. George Lee, one of the first black people registered to vote in Humphreys County and who used his pulpit and his printing press to urge others to vote, was murdered in Belzoni, Miss. (1955)
7-May	"Bloody Sunday" in Selma, Alabama as state troopers attack civil rights marchers.(1965)
7-May	American veterans of the Vietnam War reached an out-of-court settlement with seven chemical companies in their class-action suit relating to the use of herbicide "Agent Orange." (1984)
7-May	City of Philadelphia bombs house of radical black group MOVE, killing 11 & destroying 62 others homes in neighborhood. (1985)
7-May	Water cannon used on 15,000 protesters against import of French nuclear waste to Gorleben, Germany. (1996)
8-May	U.S. Peace Society founded. (1828)
8-May	Founding of Chartist movement for British workers' rights. (1838)
8-May	Gandhi begins 31-day fast in jail, India. (1933)
8-May	The Department of Justice orders court action to halt racial segregation in hospitals built with federal funds. (1962)
8-May	An estimated 9,000,000 people participate in a ten-minute work stoppage to protest nuclear weapons, Belgium. (1962)
8-May	Nguyen Thi Co immolates herself in protest of Vietnam War. (1971)
9-May	First Nazi-inspired mass public book-burning, Germany. (1933)
9-May	Muhammad Ali stripped of his heavyweight boxing title after being indicted for refusing to accept induction into the army. (1967)
9-May	Five days after the Kent State killings, about 600 Canadian protesters deface the Peace Arch at the U.S.-Canadian border at Blaine, Washington. (1970)
9-May	Network for deserters & conscientious objectors from former Yugoslavia established, Salzburg, Austria. (1993)
9-May	In San Salvador six soldiers arrested in slaying of U.S. Church workers. (1996)
9-May	Chinese people protest at U.S. embassies in Beijing & around the world after the Chinese Embassy in Belgrade is hit in a bungled NATO airstrike. (1999)
10-May	Beginning of the Sepoy Rebellion in Meerat, India; becomes known as the Great Mutiny against British Imperial rule. (1857)
10-May	Victoria Woodhull becomes the first woman nominated for the U.S. presidency, by the National Equal Rights party. (1872)
10-May	British government jails Tom Mann for six months for urging soldiers not to shoot striking workers.(1910)
10-May	England: Dock workers refuse to load armaments for use by Allies against Russia.(1920)
10-May	The South registers its first full year without any reported lynching. (1940)
10-May	Captain Howard Levy jailed three years for refusing to train U.S. soldiers for Vietnam. (1967)
10-May	Peace talks begin between the US & North Vietnam. (1968)
10-May	50,000 march for passage of Equal Rights Amendment. (1980)
10-May	Twenty thousand march in funeral procession for slain protesters, San Salvador.(1980)
10-May	World Court orders U.S. to stop mining of Nicaraguan harbors. (1984)
10-May	Federal judge in Salt Lake City, Utah finds the U.S. government negligent in its above-ground testing of nuclear weapons in Nevada from 1951 to 1962. (1980)
10-May	Cree of northern Quebec file suit to stop construction of $7.5 billion Great Whale Project, a dam so massive it would have altered weather patterns in North America. After seven years of massive grass roots opposition, Quebec government agreed in early 1996 to postpone it. (1989)
10-May	Women resist mobilization of kinsmen, Tresnjevac, Serbia. (1992)
10-May	188 die, 469 injured in fire at Kader toy factory in Thailand, used by Hasbro & other US companies. Deaths were blamed on doors & windows locked to keep sweatshop workers on the job. (1993)
10-May	Nelson Mandela inaugurated president of South Africa (1994)
11-May	Beginning of Pullman Railroad Strike, Chicago, Illinois. The largest industrial strike to date in US history, eventually broken by federal government troops. (1894)
11-May	80,000 turn out in New York's Central Park to celebrate the end of the Vietnam War. (1975)
11-May	March against black on black violence, Birmingham, England. (1996)
12-May	Poor People's Campaign begins when contingents of the poor, mainly from the south, begin pitching "Ressurection City" in the vicinity of the Lincoln Memorial. It was dismantled by police on June 24. (1968)
12-May	Gonzalo Arias chains himself to Spanish gate in protest of closure of Spain/Gibraltar frontier. (1975)
12-May	Amy Eilberg is ordained in New York as the first woman rabbi in the Conservative Jewish movement. (1985)
13-May	Slavery abolished in Brazil (1888)
13-May	President Theodore Roosevelt opened a conference on the conservation of natural resources saying, "the natural resources of our country are in danger of exhaustion if we permit the old wasteful methods of exploiting them longer to continue," propelling conservation issues into the forefront of public consciousness. (1908)
13-May	"We Want Beer" marches are held in cities all over America, with 15,000 unionized workers demonstrating in Detroit. Prohibition is repealed next year. (1932)
13-May	Natives of Marshall Islands plead for an end to H-Bomb testing. (1954)
13-May	Anti-apartheid demonstrators sat down on the tennis court at Maserud Arena, Oslo, to protest a Davis Cup match between Norway and the all-white South African team. (1964)
13-May	In the first action against violators of the desegregation guidelines of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, federal funding for education is denied to 12 school districts in the South. (1966)
13-May	250 Chicano students from Los Angeles colleges & universities meet to form the United Mexican American Students (UMAS). (1967)
13-May	Movement for a New Congress -- to elect peace candidates -- founded at Princeton University. (1970)
13-May	Mohawk end three-year occupation of Ganienkeh "Land of Flint" in Adirondack Mountains, in exchange for 5,700 acres elsewhere in New York. (1977)
13-May	Philadelphia police try to dislodge members of MOVE by firebombing, destroying 61 homes and killing 11 people (1985)
13-May	Ecuador's government grants 148 native communities legal title to more than 3 million acres in the Amazon Basin. (1992)
14-May	The Black Hawk War begins when untrained American recruits attack Sauk Indian peace envoys. (1832)
14-May	First groups of WWII conscientious objectors (COs) ordered to report to camp at Patapsco, Maryland. (1941)
14-May	Greyhound bus with the first group of Freedom Riders is bombed and burned near Anniston, Alabama. (1961)
14-May	Police build fence around People's Park in Berkeley, California. (1969)
14-May	Seminole tribes of Florida & Oklahoma are awarded $12.2 million for lands taken "under duress." (1970)
14-May	Hundreds of thousands participate in the Million Mom March for gun safety (2000)
15-May	The U.S. Congress declared the transporting of African slaves to the United States to be a form of piracy. (1820)
15-May	The National Woman Suffrage Association is formed with Elizabeth Stanton as its first president. (1869)
15-May	Julia Ward Howe proposes a Mother's Day as a peace holiday (1882)
15-May	International conscientious objectors day
15-May	National Labor Relations Act passed, recognizing workers' right to organize & bargain collectively. (1935)
15-May	First British H-Bomb test. (1957)
15-May	Women in Madrid walked the Central Plaza to show solidarity with striking miners; 70 arrested. (1962)
15-May	American Friends Service Committee, SANE, & Women March for Peace sponsor a 10,000+ person anti-war picket at White House & 63,000+ rally at the Washington Monument with four other organizations. (1966)
15-May	Buddhist altars placed in streets to stop troops arresting dissidents, South Vietnam. (1966)
15-May	Several million students on U.S. campuses strike against Vietnam War (1970)
15-May	Native American Rights Fund files suit on behalf of Hopi to prevent strip mining on sacred Black Mesa, Arizona. (1971)
15-May	40,000 demonstrate against military electronics fair, Hanover, West Germany. (1982)
15-May	USSR begins withdrawal of troops from Afghanistan. (1988)
15-May	Stone commemorating conscientious objectors unveiled, Tavistock Square, London. (1994)
16-May	Denmark becomes the first country to outlaw the slave trade. (1792)
16-May	The Sedition Act is passed, defining as criminal the direct advocacy of treason, and criticism of the Government, conscription, or the American flag. (1918)
16-May	Nhat Chi Mai immolates herself in Saigon to protest the war. (1967)
16-May	US Supreme Court rules trash may be searched without a warrant. (1988)
17-May	First women's anti-slavery convention in Philadelphia, PA (1838)
17-May	Supreme Court endorsed ``separate but equal'' racial segregation with its Plessy vs Ferguson decision, a ruling that was overturned 58 years later.(1896)
17-May	Following the relief of Mafeking, in South Africa, 26,000 Boer women & children die in the world's first concentration camps. (1900)
17-May	Women's International League for Peace & Freedom formally established, Zurich, Switzerland. (1919)
17-May	Supreme Court rules segregation in public schools unconstitutional in Brown vs. The Board of Education (1954)
17-May	Martin Luther King, Jr. leads 30,00 on a Prayer Pilgrimage to Washington D.C.to mark the third anniversary of Brown vs. Bd of Education decision. (1957)
17-May	9 activists burn draft files in Catonsville, MD (1968)
17-May	100 protesters stage a "die-in" in downtown Seattle to protest shipment through Seattle of Army nerve gas being transported from Okinawa to the Umatilla Army Depot in eastern Oregon. (1970)
17-May	Malawi, Africa holds first elections. (1994)
18-May	Rhode Island becomes the first colony to abolish slavery. (1652)
18-May	Birthday of Bertrand Russell, a leading figure in the British anti-nuclear movement. (1872)
18-May	First celebration of International Goodwill Day (1925)
18-May	President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Head Start Bill into law (1965)
18-May	The Klamath tribe wins $4.1 million for loss of Oregon lands during fraudulent government surveys in 1880s. (1969)
18-May	Margaret Kuhn founds Gray Panthers to protest discrimination against the elderly. (1972)
18-May	Silkwood vs. Kerr-McGee case establishes corporations are responsible for the people they irradiate. (1979)
19-May	Four thousand Mexican miners gather in Sonora, California, to protest the Foreign Miners' Tax, which was enacted to drive them from gold fields. (1850)
19-May	Clara Barton founded the Red Cross (1881)
19-May	The Battle of Matewan (W.Va.). (1920)
19-May	U.S. Congressman Claude Fuller introduces a resolution requiring all Civil Service employees to "sing, write or recite the words to the 'Star-Spangled Banner'" by memory. (1932)
19-May	10,000 participate in "No More War" march, New York City. (1934)
19-May	Lillian Hellman advises the House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC) that she refuses to testify against friends & associates, saying: "I cannot & will not cut my conscience to fit this year's fashions." (1952)
19-May	Two international human rights workers, Mario Calderon & Elsa Alvarado, plus Alvarado's parents, are shot dead in Bogota by paramilitaries. (1997)
20-May	John Stuart Mill's bill to permit women to vote was rejected by the British Parliament. (1867)
20-May	White mob attacks "Freedom Riders" in Montgomery, Alabama. (1963)
20-May	Arlington Street Unitarian-Universalist Church in Boston offers sanctuary to Robert Talmanson and William Chase, both wanted for acts of disobedience to military duty. (1968)
20-May	Delegation of U.S. pacifists travels to Cuba to exchange children's art.
20-May	Pat Arrowsmith jailed for 1-1/2 years for leafleting soldiers about Northern Ireland. (1974)
20-May	US Supreme Court rules that a Colorado state law prohibiting any legislation protection gays & lesbians against discrimination is unconstitutional. (1996)
20-May	About 50 activists occupy & prematurely harvest a trial field of genetically engineered maize (corn), ruining the test. Schonfeld, Germany. (1997)
21-May	With the betrothal of Henry VI, King of England to Catherine de Valois of France, England & France swear perpetual peace. (1420)
21-May	4,300 rally at Bangor Naval Base, Washington, to protest against nuclear sub USS Trident. (1978)
21-May	Members of American Indian Movement (AIM) occupy Naval Air Station near Milwaukee, Wisconsin. (1971)
21-May	US Senate approves $20 billion program to return US to full-scale production of chemical & nerve-gas weapons. (1981)
21-May	Kyrgystan announces plans to dismantle its army. (1993)
22-May	Eugene V. Debs imprisoned for his role in the Pullman railway strike, Woodstock, Illinois. (1895)
22-May	Premiere of Public Broadcasting System's "Mister Rogers' Neighborhood". (1967)
23-May	General Winfield Scott ordered the forced removal of the Cherokee Indians from the East to the "Indian Nation" (what is now Oklahoma). Approximately one forth of the 10,000 died on this cruel march called "The Trail of Tears". (1838)
23-May	300,000 participate in the third Marathon March for Peace & Justice. (1965)
23-May	10,000 march against Falklands/Malvinas War in London (1982)
23-May	Maryland becomes the first state to ban the sale of cheap hand guns. (1988)
24-May	The Virginia House of Burgesses declared this a day of "fasting, humiliation and prayer" in reaction to the British closure of the Port of Boston. (1774)
24-May	British suffragist Dora Montefiore protests lack of women's vote by refusing to pay taxes & barricading her house against bailiffs. (1906)
24-May	In Bulgaria, a march against anti-Semitism leads to stop in Jewish deportations. (1943)
24-May	International Women's Day for Disarmament (since 1981)
24-May	More than 200,000 people participate in massive anti-nuclear demonstration in Tokyo. (1982)
24-May	Largest national gathering of women in anti-nuclear demonstration, Auckland., NZ. (1984)
25-May	African slaves in Massachussetts Bay petition the government for freedom as their natural right. (1774)
25-May	First noncommercial educational television station-Houston, Texas (1953)
25-May	The closing of schools to avoid desegregation is ruled unconstitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court, causing Prince Edward County, Va. to reopen and desegregate its schools. (1964)
26-May	King Phillip III of Spain decrees non-Roman Catholic Indians can be legally enslaved. (1626)
26-May	House UnAmerican Activities Committee (HUAC), founded. (1938)
26-May	A patent is filed in the U.S. for the H-Bomb. (1946)
26-May	Anti Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty signed by US and USSR. (1972)
26-May	15,000 demonstrate for disarmament in New York City. (1978)
26-May	20,000 in Arab-Jewish peace rally, Tel Aviv, Israel. (1991)
26-May	An estimated 7 million Americans participate in Hands Across America, forming a line across the country from Los Angeles to New York to bring attention to and raise money for the nation's hungry and homeless. (1986)
27-May	The first recorded American execution of a "witch" took place in Salem, Massachusetts. (1647)
27-May	Australia gives citizenship to aborigines. (1967)
27-May	Nearly 20,000 rally in New York City to protest nuclear weapons. (1978)
27-May	National plan of Reforestation for Peace begins, El Salvador. (1992)
28-May	President Jackson signs the Indian Removal Act, requiring Eastern Indians to be resettled west of the Mississippi. (1830)
28-May	The U.S. Attorney General decides it is legal for women to wear trousers. (1923)
28-May	Seven women fast for 10 days, Springfield, Illinois, in support of ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment by the Illinois state legislature. (1982)
28-May	"Child Abuse, Domestic Violence, Adoption and Family Services Act", P.L. 102-295, becomes law. (1992)
28-May	President Clinton signs an amendment to Executive Order 11478 that "prohibits discrimination based on sexual orientation" in the government. (1998)
28-May	Amnesty International founded (1961)
29-May	US Supreme Court rules organized baseball is a sport -- not a business -- & thus not subject to antitrust laws. (1922)
29-May	St. Augustine, Florida "night raiders" shower a car with bullets, narrowly missing an aide to Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. (1964)
29-May	Poor Peoples' Campaign begins in Washington D.C. (1967)
29-May	Guatemala: Troops massacre 100 campesinos protesting against eviction. Panzos, Alta Vehapaz. (1978)
29-May	Christic Institute files lawsuit charging US complicity in Contra assassination bombing at La Penca, Nicaragua, & the CIA role in smuggling cocaine into the US to fund Contra wars. (1986)
29-May	U.S. Supreme Court rules Indian tribes do not possess authority to exercise criminal jurisdiction over anyone other than tribal members on their reservations. (1990)
30-May	Thirteen black men burned at the stake, & 17 black men, two white men, & two white women hanged, for their roles in planning a slave revolt in New York City. (1741)
30-May	Kansas-Nebraska Act repeals Missouri Compromise & opens Northern Territory to slavery. (1854)
30-May	Memorial Day first observed when two women in Columbus, MS, placed flowers on both Confederate and Union graves. (1868)
30-May	National Conference on the Negro convened, resulting in the formation of the NAACP. (1909)
30-May	Police kill 10 fleeing workers, wounded 30 more & beat 55 so badly they required hospitalization during the "Memorial Day Massacre" at the Republic Steel plant in south Chicago. (1937)
30-May	San Antonio bureaucrats shut down the Chili Queens, now memoiralized every year on Memorial Day. (1943)
30-May	5,000 attend three rallies in London for a constructive peace. (1945)
30-May	Labor union ban begins in U.S. on French airlines & business mail in protest of French nuclear testing. (1972)
31-May	First of Hernando de Soto's conquistadors land on Florida coast. (1538)
31-May	General Washington orders Iroquois suppressed. A scorched-earth policy, in which dozens of villages were burned, follows. (1779)
31-May	The Tulsa Race Riot (1921)
31-May	Tax protester Lady Godiva rides naked through Coventry, England (1678)
31-May	Supreme Court orders school integration "with all deliberate speed." (1955)
JUNE
1-Jun	Mary Dyer hanged for nonviolent resistance to suppression of Quakers, Boston (1660)
1-Jun	Sojourner Truth set out from New York on an historic journey across America, preaching about the evils of slavery and promoting women's rights. (1845)
1-Jun	80 militia men refuse to board train as reinforcement for U.S. invasion of Veracruz, Mexico. (1914)
1-Jun	A Warsaw underground newspaper, the Liberty Brigade, makes public the news of the gassing of tens of thousands of Jews at Chelmno, a death camp in Poland-almost seven months after extermination of prisoners began.(1942)
1-Jun	Sen. Margaret Chase Smith denounces Joseph McCarthy and his "red-baiting" tactics on the floor of the U.S. Senate, in a speech called "A Declaration of Conscience". (1950)
1-Jun	700 protest at White House against nuclear testing. (1958)
1-Jun	531, including NAACP Executive Secretary Roy Wilkins, arrested at a peaceful civil rights march in Jackson, Mississippi. (1963)
1-Jun	U.S. Supreme Court bans formal prayers & religious exercises from public schools. (1963)
1-Jun	First Buddhist monk, Quang Duc (73) immolates self in Vietnam. (1963)
1-Jun	Vietnam Veterans Against War (VVAW) is formed. (1967)
1-Jun	Brazilian government recognizes Indian right to remain in their territories. (1988)
1-Jun	US and USSR signed an agreement to stop producing chemical weapons (1990)
1-Jun	United Nations Earth Summit begins in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. (1992)
2-Jun	Harriet Tubman frees 750 slaves in raid. (1863)
2-Jun	Second International Peace Conference opens, The Hague, Netherlands. (1907)
2-Jun	IWW (Industrial Workers of the World) Mesabi Range strike. (1916)
2-Jun	Congress granted US citizenship (8 U.S.C. §1401) to all American Indians. (1924)
2-Jun	US Brigadier General John Donaldson charged with murder & assault in connection with an incident involving eight South Vietnamese civilians. (1971)
2-Jun	10,000 Chinese soldiers are blocked by 100,000 citizens protecting students demonstrating for democracy in Tienanmen Square, Beijing. (1989)
3-Jun	International Ladies Garment Workers Union (ILGWU) founded. (1900)
3-Jun	US Supreme Court rules race separation on buses unconstitutional. (1946)
3-Jun	Conscientious objection legally recognized in Belgium. (1964)
3-Jun	In Cincinnati, Ohio, Sally J. Priesand, 25, became the first woman in Reform Judaism to be ordained as a rabbi. (1972)
3-Jun	Appeal court in England rules that war tax resistance unlawful. (1985)
4-Jun	US constitution goes into effect. (1789)
4-Jun	Anti-Saloon League formed in Ohio. (1893)
4-Jun	Sweden passes legislation granting public employees right to collective bargaining. (1937)
4-Jun	During what became known as the "Voyage of the Damned," the SS St. Louis, carrying more than 900 Jewish refugees from Germany, was turned away from the Florida coast. The ship, which was also denied permission to dock in Cuba, eventually returned to Europe; many of the refugees later died in Nazi concentration camps.(1939)
4-Jun	James Meredith, first black student at the University of Mississippi, is shot & wounded by a sniper while working on a voter registration drive, in a lone 220-mile "march against fear." (1966)
4-Jun	International Day for Children as Victims of War (since 1982)
4-Jun	The Sierra Club was incorporated in San Francisco. (1892)
4-Jun	The Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution, guaranteeing women the right to vote, was passed by Congress and sent to the states for ratification (1919)
4-Jun	President Harry Truman signs into law the National School Lunch Act, P.L. 79-396. (1946)
4-Jun	New Zealand passes legislation declaring itself nuclear-free. (1983)
4-Jun	Demonstration against nuclear power, Cape Town, South Africa. (1983)
4-Jun	India: Culmination of marches from around the state, activists protest US company Enron, building a power station in the South Maharashtra region. 39 arrested. (1997)
5-Jun	St. Boniface slain by Druids for chopping down sacred tree. (753)
5-Jun	Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Life Among the Lowly began to appear in serial form in the Washington National Era. (1851)
5-Jun	The U.S. Supreme Court rules that there can be no segregation in railroad dining cars. (1950)
5-Jun	Golden Rule crew sentenced to 60 days for sailing into Pacific A-bomb test site. (1958)
5-Jun	Boxer Muhammed Ali is sentenced to five years in prison for refusing the military draft during Vietnam War era. (1967)
5-Jun	40 Chicanos stage armed raid on Tierra Armarilla, New Mexico. The group claims 2,500 square miles of territory in New Mexico, which they say Spain granted their ancestors. (1967)
5-Jun	World Environment Day, commemorating the opening of the U.N. Conference on Human Environment in Sweden (since 1972)
5-Jun	Anti-herbicide activists burn logging equipment in Oregon. (1983)
5-Jun	Chinese soldiers slaughter pro-democracy students at Tiananmen Square in Beijing, China (1989)
5-Jun	Thousands march in Germany to protest neo-Nazi violence. (1993)
6-Jun	Congress passes a bill abolishing debtor's prisons in the United States. (1798)
6-Jun	London Peace Society forms. (1815)
6-Jun	Birth day of Dalai Lama, Nobel Peace Prize winner, Tibetan spiritual leader. (1936)
6-Jun	George Orwell's 1984 is published. (1949)
6-Jun	Robert F. Kennedy, Attorney General, assassinated. (1968)
6-Jun	Comedian Dick Gregory begins hunger strike in Olympia, Washington jail after his arrest in support of Nisqually fishing rights. (1968)
6-Jun	Fundamentalist media watchdog Donald Wildmon claims to have seen Mighty Mouse snorting cocaine in a recent Saturday morning cartoon. Though animator Ralph Bakshi explains that Mickey was sniffing flowers, the scene is cut from future broadcasts. (1988)
6-Jun	40 Native Americans camp at sacred Black Hills site atop Mount Rushmore; 20 are arrested. (1971)
6-Jun	Greenpeace officials announce at least 50 nuclear weapons & 9 nuclear reactors, the products of U.S. & Soviet naval accidents, were lost on the ocean floor since World War II. (1989)
6-Jun	Three Syracuse activists occupy local congressional offices to protest forced U.S. repatriation of Haitian refugees. (1994)
7-Jun	First Crusade reaches the walls of Jerusalem. (1099)
7-Jun	Treaty of Tordesillas: the Pope divides the New World between Spain & Portugal. (1409)
7-Jun	The Pennsylvania Assembly bans the import of slaves in the colony. (1712)
7-Jun	The Hawaiian Declaration of Rights is signed. (1839)
7-Jun	In his first act of civil disobedience, Mohandas Gandhi refused to comply with racial segregation rules on a South African train and was forcibly ejected at Pietermaritzburg (1893)
7-Jun	James H. Meredith, who in 1962 became the first African American to attend the University of Mississippi, was shot by a sniper while on a lone "March Against Fear" through the South. (1966)
7-Jun	Norway gains independence from Sweden by nonviolent means (1905)
7-Jun	NY Times agrees to capitalize the n in "Negro." (1930)
7-Jun	US Supreme Court holds "right of privacy" covers use of contraceptives. (1965)
7-Jun	Palestinian Liberation Organization announces its willingness to recognize Israel's right to exist. (1988)
7-Jun	Seven activists arrested outside the pro-nuclear Bradbury Science Museum in Los Alamos, New Mexico, for passing out copies of the Bill of Rights. (1997)
8-Jun	The British Parliament enacts legislation limiting working hours of women and children aged 13 to 18 to 10 per day (1847)
8-Jun	Battle between the Colorado Militia & striking miners at Dunnville ends with six union members dead & 15 taken prisoner. 79 of the strikers were deported to Kansas two days later. (1904)
8-Jun	U.S. Air Force Cpl. Fannie Mae Clackum sues to overturn her discharge on psychiatric evaluation of "latent homosexuality." (1956)
8-Jun	270 walk out of graduation ceremonies at NYU to protest the presentation of an honorary degree to Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara. (1966).
8-Jun	Two-thirds of the graduating class of Brown University turn their backs on Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, the graduation speaker. (1969)
8-Jun	New York bridge workers hopelessly snarled the city's traffic by leaving drawbridges open, the result of a rejection by New York State of their pension demands. (1971)
8-Jun	U.S. citizen Michael Devine kidnapped & murdered by CIA-paid Guatemalan military officials, led by ex-School of the Americas two-time graduate Col. Julio Alpirez. (1990)
8-Jun	Anti-genetic food activists play cricket using bioengineered potatoes previously scheduled for harvesting. (1997)
9-Jun	English negotiate treaty with Potomac River tribes; after a toast symbolizing eternal friendship, Chiskiack chief & 200 followers drop dead from poisoned wine. (1623)
9-Jun	Arinell Ponder of SCLC & 5 students arrested & beaten for using white Trailways bus bathrooms, Winona, Miss. (1963)
9-Jun	Spain legalizes political parties for first time in 37 years. (1976)
9-Jun	Poland: Following General Jaruzelski's declaration of martial law, people in the city of Lodz demonstrate their disgust with the official government television news by taking a daily promenade timed to coincide exactly with the broadcast, wearing their hats backwards. When the authorities shift the hours of the Lodz curfew to make protest illegal, residents take their televisions to the window at precisely the time the news begins & blast out the newscast at full volume, into empty streets & at the patrolling authorities. (1983)
9-Jun	150,000 march in London, England for nuclear disarmament, protest Cruise missiles. (1984)
9-Jun	Police ban vigil of Women in Black, Belgrade, Serbia. (1993)
10-Jun	At Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris, James Augustine Healy was ordained as the first African-American Roman Catholic priest. (1854)
10-Jun	Women's Peace Crusade launched, Glasgow, Scotland. (1917)
10-Jun	"Equal Pay Act of 1963" passed and signed into law; guarantees women equal pay for equal work (1963)
10-Jun	Chicago school segregation is protested by mass demonstrations. (1965)
10-Jun	U.S. Claims Court upholds decision that Seminole tribes of Florida & Oklahoma have claims to lands covering much of the state of Florida. (1967)
10-Jun	A twenty-one year old trade embargo with mainland China is lifted by President Nixon. (1971)
10-Jun	Rockefeller Commission report is released, detailing a secret CIA-sponsored domestic program, CHAOS, including keeping records on 300,000 persons & groups, & infiltration of agents & provocateurs into black, anti-war & political movements in the US. (1975)
10-Jun	Nelson Mandela's first prison writings smuggled out and made public (1980)
10-Jun	50,000 attend first March for the Animals in Washington, D.C. (1990)
11-Jun	Canadian unions legalized. (1872)
11-Jun	Birthday of Jeanette Rankin, pacifist, 1st US Congresswoman. (1880)
11-Jun	SDS holds founding convention and issues Port Huron statement (1962)
11-Jun	University of Alabama desegregated when Governor George Wallace, facing federalized Alabama National Guard troops, ended his blockade of the University of Alabama in Tuscaloosa and allowed two African-American students to enroll (1963)
11-Jun	Nineteen-month occupation by Native American protesters of Alcatraz Island, in San Francisco Bay, ends. (1973)
11-Jun	Supreme Court declares illegally obtained evidence may be admitted at trial if it could be proved that it would have been discovered legally. (1984)
11-Jun	100,000 march from U.N. to Central Park during 3rd U.N. Special Session on Disarmament (1988)
11-Jun	Prairie Peace Park & Maze opens at Interstate 80 exit of Pleasant Dale, Nebraska. (1994)
12-Jun	260 people die in a mine disaster in Butte, Montana, sparking a strike of 14,000 people against unsafe labor conditions. (1917)
12-Jun	In the driveway outside his home in Jackson, Mississippi, civil rights leader Medgar Evers was shot to death by white supremacist (1963)
12-Jun	Nelson Mandela sentenced to life imprisonment for opposing apartheid (1964)
12-Jun	In the case of the Loving vs. Virginia Supreme Court, the U.S. Supreme Court strikes down state laws which prohibit interracial marriages.(1967)
12-Jun	One million rally in Central Park for nuclear disarmament; largest US peace demonstration (1982)
12-Jun	1,756 people arrested in 150 cities over two days for protests against U.S. arming & financing of Nicaraguan Contras. (1985)
13-Jun	Wat Tyler revolt: Jack Straw & 30,000 peasants & poor city folk rebel, march on London. (1381)
13-Jun	The “Pentagon Papers” excerpted in the New York Times, give details of U.S. involvement in Vietnam from the end of World War II to 1968. (1971)
13-Jun	In Miranda v. Arizona, the Supreme Court rules that a suspect must be read his rights by police before interrogation. (1966)
13-Jun	Pentagon Papers are printed in the New York Times. (1971)
13-Jun	The Sioux Nation is granted an award of $17.5 million for land taken from them by the United States Government in the Black Hills of South Dakota in 1877. (1979)
13-Jun	1,765 arrested in 150 cities protesting US aid to Nicaraguan Contras (1985)
14-Jun	Society for Promotion of Permanent and Universal Peace founded, London. (1816)
14-Jun	In "Taylor v. Mississippi", the U.S. Supreme Court rules that school children need not salute the U.S. flag if it is against their religion to do so (1946)
14-Jun	Women Against the Bomb delegation calls for complete nuclear disarmament during visit to Moscow. (1964)
14-Jun	Child-care expert Dr. Benjamin Spock & three others convicted of conspiring to counsel draft evasion. (1968)
14-Jun	The Environmental Protection Agency bans the use of the pesticide DDT. (1972)
14-Jun	1,653 arrested at U.S., USSR, French & Chinese Missions to United Nations, New York City, in "Blockade the Bombmakers" nuclear disarmament sit-ins. (1982)
14-Jun	60,000 march to Central Park to demand economic sanctions against South African apartheid regime (1986)
15-Jun	King John signs the Magna Carta at Runnymede, limiting the power of the English monarchy (1215)
15-Jun	44 nations meet in 2nd Hague Peace Conference (1907)
15-Jun	CORE (Congress on Racial Equality) founded in Chicago (1943)
15-Jun	US Supreme Court rules any individual may object to military service on ethical & moral grounds -- & need not base their moral beliefs on an organized religion. (1970)
15-Jun	US government obtains a four-day prior injunction to prevent the New York Times from printing the Pentagon Papers. (1971)
15-Jun	US Supreme Court rules TVA may not complete Tellico Dam based on the endangered Snail Darter. (1978)
15-Jun	450 occupy uranium mine for three days in anti-nuclear protest, Honeymoon, South Australia. (1982)
16-Jun	Massachusetts enacts a law requiring Roman Catholic priests to leave the colony within three months.(1700)
16-Jun	Susan B. Anthony arrested for voting. (1873)
16-Jun	2,000 East Berlin workers passed in silent protest past the newly built Soviet Embassy in Under den Linden. (1953)
16-Jun	Women & children encircle Congress demanding an end to Vietnam War, Washington D.C. (1972)
16-Jun	Soweto massacre , 700 children killed for refusing to learn Afrikaans (1976)
17-Jun	Start of Cherokee Trail of Tears; 1,200-mile forced march to Oklahoma (1838)
17-Jun	The Supreme Court struck down rules requiring the Lord's Prayer or Bible verses in public schools (1963)
17-Jun	The Supreme Court rules that prison conditions such as overcrowding, poor sanitation, and exposure to violence do not violate th 8th Amendment's prohibition of cruel and unusual punishment. (1991)
18-Jun	6,000 attend anti-conscription rally, Sydney, Australia. (1916)
18-Jun	A. Philip Randolph & others meet with President Roosevelt about their proposed March on Washington to protest discrimination in war industries. A week later, Roosevelt orders their desegregation. (1941)
18-Jun	A Federal Court rules that an Arkansas attempt to close a school rather than desegregate it is unconstitutional. (1959)
18-Jun	3,000 blacks boycott Boston public school as a protest against defacto segregation. (1963)
18-Jun	US Supreme Court bans racial discrimination in the sale & rental of housing. (1968
18-Jun	US voting age lowered to 18. (1970)
18-Jun	SALT II agreement to limit long-range missiles and bombers signed by Presidents Carter and Brezhnev. (1979)
18-Jun	Europarliament calls for abolition of death penalty throughout Europe. (1981)
18-Jun	Puget Sound Women's peace camp established at Bangor nuclear submarine base in Washington state. (1983)
19-Jun	More than two years after Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, Union soldiers, led by Major General Gordon Granger, landed at Galveston, TX, with news that the war had ended and all slaves were now free. Still celebrated as Juneteenth. (1865)
19-Jun	Black community begins bus boycott in Baton Rouge, Louisiana -- two & a half years before the more famous Montgomery, Alabama protest. (1953)
19-Jun	1,000 landowners occupy key islands in protest against French nuclear tests, Kwajalein Atoll, South Pacific. (1982)
19-Jun	US Supreme Court rules school teaching evolution need not teach creation. (1987)
20-Jun	Striking African American auto workers attacked by National Workers League, KKK & armed white workers at Detroit's Bell Isle amusement park, 34 people killed, 1,300 arrested in race riots. (1943)
20-Jun	Taft-Hartley Labor Act, curbing strikes, is vetoed by President Truman. Congress overrode the veto. (1943)
20-Jun	Cold War prompts "hot line" between Washington & Moscow. (1963)
20-Jun	Muhammad Ali convicted of refusing to be drafted (1967)
20-Jun	2,500 arrested in two days during blockade of Lawrence Livermore labs, California. (1982
21-Jun	Galileo Galilei is forced by the Inquisition to "abjure, curse, & detest" his Copernican heliocentric views. (1623)
21-Jun	US Constitution goes into effect. (1788)
21-Jun	11 "Molly Maguire" coal miners are hanged by the state for the crime of attempting to organize laborers. (1877)
21-Jun	Women's Sunday Suffrage rally draws 500,000 in London (1908)
21-Jun	Nobel laureate Linus Pauling defies Congress by refusing to name signers of petitions calling for total halt of nuclear weapons testing. (1960)
21-Jun	International Disarmament Assembly opens, Accra, Ghana. (1962)
21-Jun	Chaney, Goodman and Schwerner murdered while registering Blacks to vote in MS (1964)
21-Jun	US Supreme Court rules it's legal to burn the US flag as a political expression. (1989)
21-Jun	100,000 march in solidarity with striking newspaper labor workers in Detroit. (1997)
22-Jun	First General Peace Convention opens, London, England. (1843)
22-Jun	African delegates, followed by delegates from many other countries, walk out of a United Nations United Labor Organization meeting in Geneva to protest Portugal's denial of independence to colonies and forced labor. (1966)
22-Jun	The Cuyahoga River catches fire just downstream from Cleveland, Ohio & burns for 20 minutes. (1969)
22-Jun	8,000 peace protesters form 10-mile human chain around U.S. air base, Okinawa, Japan (1987)
23-Jun	A treaty is signed between William Penn and the chiefs of the Lenni Lenape tribe in Shakamaxon, Pennsylvania. (1683)
23-Jun	Life magazine publishes photos of South Vietnamese children running from napalm. (1972)
23-Jun	Education Amendments of 1972 becomes law. Prohibits any discrimination at Educational institutions based on sex (1972)
23-Jun	International Court of Justice grants injunction, requested by Australia & New Zealand governments, against French nuclear testing in the South Pacific. (1973)
23-Jun	2,000 protest against arrival of nuclear warship USS Kittyhawk in Fremantle, Australia. (1984)
24-Jun	Margaret Brent urges women's vote before the Maryland Assembly. The shocked Assembly ejects her. (1647)
24-Jun	Boston African-Americans hold the first of a series of meetings protesting Jim Crow schools. (1844)
24-Jun	Mrs. Herbert Hoover invited Mrs. DePriest, wife of the first African-American congressman from a northern state, to tea at the White House, creating a stir in Southern society. (1929)
24-Jun	Conscientious objectors volunteer as guinea pigs for medical research. (1944)
24-Jun	President Truman signs the Selective Service Act, creating a registration for all men from ages 18-25. (1948)
24-Jun	During the Berlin Blockade imposed by the Soviet Union, which lasted until May 12 of the following year, the US and Great Britian flew unarmed supply planes into the German city devlivering food, fuel and other critical supplies. (1948)
24-Jun	323 arrested in 24-hour blockade of US bomber base, Greenham Common, England. (1962)
24-Jun	14,000 gather to protest proposed nuclear power plant at Seabrook, New Hampshire. (1968)
24-Jun	General Strike in El Salvador against the Death Squads (1980)
24-Jun	Peaks for Peace commemorate dead of Hiroshima & Nagasaki bombings with a peace plaque at the summit of Ben Nevis, Scotland. (1983)
24-Jun	Seven women arrested in Rochester, New York for conducting a topless picnic to protest local laws which allowed men -- but not women -- to be shirtless in public. (1986)
24-Jun	After years of refusal, U.S. finally ratifies International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. (1994)
25-Jun	Resisting the authority of the US government efforts to herd them onto "reservations", Lakota, Cheyenne & Arapahoe tribes defeat the U.S. Army at Little Big Horn, Montana. (1876)
25-Jun	The Fair Labor Standards Act sets the minimum wage at 25 cents per hour and prohibits child labor. (1938)
25-Jun	The South African Freedom Charter is adopted at the Congress of the People in Johannesburg. (1955)
25-Jun	Riots erupt in Saint Augustine, Fla., when a mob of 800 whites attacks part of a parade of several hundred African-Americans participating in an integration parade. (1964)
25-Jun	Pan-American Health Organization reports that Central American Indians have a worse diet than the pre-Columbian Mayans. (1968)
25-Jun	Hundreds rally, Madrid, Spain, for an end to bullfighting. (1990)
26-Jun	Mohandas Gandhi founds movement for Indian rights, South Africa. (1894)
26-Jun	Pacifist & socialist organizer Eugene Debs is arrested for giving an anti-war speech. Canton, Ohio. (1918)
26-Jun	The National Firearms Act, the first federal gun law, was signed into law. (1934)
26-Jun	Shipyard workers in Amsterdam stage a "go home early" strike, sending a message to their Nazi occupiers that sine the Germans were not providing enough food they had to go home to tend their potato patches. (1944)
26-Jun	UN Charter signed by 50 nations in San Francisco. (1945)
26-Jun	Workers in South Africa stagecd a one-day "stay at home" to protest the Group Areas Bill and to mourn the dead of the liberation struggle. (1950)
26-Jun	Nonviolent campaign against apartheid begins; African National Congress (ANC) begins its Defiance of Unjust Laws campaign. (1952)
26-Jun	Albert Luthuli calls for bonfires & candles to symbolize sparks of freedom, South Africa. (1953)
26-Jun	President Kennedy addresses 120,000 West Berliners and concludes his speech, "All free men, wherever they may live, are citizens of Berlin, and, therefore, as a free man, I take pride in the words 'Ich bin ein Berliner'." (1963)
26-Jun	200 protesting against state violence are killed by Somoza's U.S.-trained National Guard in Managua, Nicaragua. (1967)
26-Jun	In commemoration of the 25th anniversary of the Stonewall Rebellion, over one million people march in New York City to celebrate & demand gay & lesbian rights.(1994)
27-Jun	Prudence Crandall, a white woman, arrested for conducting an academy for black females at Canterbury, Conn. (1833)
27-Jun	First pure food law enacted in US. (1848)
27-Jun	Indian nationalists called for a social boycott of government officials, others known to have participated in atrocities and Indians who refused to join the noncooperation struggles to protest Gandhi's imprisonment.
27-Jun	Stonewall rebellion, NYC, launches modern gay rights movement (1969)
27-Jun	President Carter signs a measure that requires that approximately 4 million U.S. men age 19 to 20 register for the draft.(1980)
27-Jun	World Court rules US-support for Nicaraguan "contras" violates international law. (1986)
27-Jun	Two Operation Homestead activists arrested in downtown Seattle, Wa. for occupying the rooftop of a low-income housing building slated for demolition to make way for a parking lot. (1995)
28-Jun	One-day strike by 50,000 German workers to free Socialist anti-war leader Karl Liebnecht, (1916)
28-Jun	W.E.B. DuBois and other leaders organize silent parade against lynching of Blacks, NYC (1917)
28-Jun	Alien Registration (Smith) Act enacted. (1940)
29-Jun	7,000 Doukhobors stage mass weapons-burning, Trans-Caucasia, Russian Empire.(1895)
29-Jun	The South African parliament passed a bill excluding black, coloured (mixed race) and Indian people from skilled or semi-skilled work. (1925)
29-Jun	Mass "walk-on" (trespass) at chemical & biological warfare facility, Porton Down. (1963)
29-Jun	In Furman v. Georgia, The Supreme Court rules that the death penalty -- as then employed by the states -- is unconstitutional.(1972)
30-Jun	Cinque leads successful slave revolt on the ship Amistad. (1839)
30-Jun	Gandhi's first arrest, in campaign for Indian equal rights in South Africa. (1914)
30-Jun	United Nations intervention ends civil war in the Congo, Africa. (1964)
30-Jun	First GIs, Fort Hood 3, refuse to be sent to Vietnam. (1966)
30-Jun	35,000 protest nuclear power at Diablo Canyon. (1970)
30-Jun	The 29th Amendment to the US Constitution, lowering the voting age to 18 in all elections, was ratified (1971)
30-Jun	U.S. Supreme Court upholds $122 million judgment to the Lakota (Sioux) Nation for illegal taking of Black Hills, South Dakota. (1980)
30-Jun	An English court seizes about $7,000 withheld war taxes from Peace Pledge Union's bank account. (1989)

JULY
1-Jul	First Quakers arrive in America, having come to what will be Boston. (1656)
1-Jul	8000 anti-war marchers demonstrate in Boston. (1917)
1-Jul	Guatemala's dictator of 14 years deposed by massive general strike (1945)
1-Jul	700 protest at White House against nuclear testing. (1958)
1-Jul	61 nations, including the United States and the Soviet Union, sign the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty.(1968)
1-Jul	Women Against Daddy Warbucks destroy 1-A files in eight New York City draft boards. (1970)
1-Jul	Publication of first issue of Ms. Magazine. (1972)
2-Jul	New Jersey becomes the first Colony to grant women's suffrage.(1776)
2-Jul	Mutiny on the Amistad slave ship (1839)
2-Jul	U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 into law. (1964)
2-Jul	The Supreme Court rules that Capital Punishment does not constitute "cruel and unusual punishment". (1976)
2-Jul	Vermont becomes first American colony to abolish slavery (1777)
3-Jul	Children strike in Paterson, New Jersey, for an 11-hour work day and a 6-day work week. (1835)
3-Jul	Birthday of Charlotte Perkins Gilman, author (Herland); feminist and a founder of the Women's Peace Party. (1860)
4-Jul	Slavery outlawed in New York State (1827)
4-Jul	Henry David Thoreau moves into his shack on Walden Pond for a 26 month stay. (1845)
4-Jul	Freedom of Information Act, P.L. 89-487, becomes law (1966)
4-Jul	British House of Lords votes to decriminalize homosexual acts between consenting adults. (1967)
4-Jul	"Give Peace a Chance" by Plastic Ono Band is released in UK (1969)
4-Jul	Women's Peace Camp begins outside Romulus, NY at Seneca Army Depot (1983)
6-Jul	In one of the worst cases of union-busting, a fierce battle breaks out between Homestead Steel employees and Pinkerton detectives. 20 are killed. (1892)
6-Jul	In Nazi-occupied Holland, thirteen-year-old Jewish diarist Anne Frank and her family were forced to take refuge in a secret sealed-off area of an Amsterdam warehouse (1942)
6-Jul	Irene Morgan, a 28-year-old black woman, refused to move to the back of the bus. Her appeal, entered after her conviction for breaking a Virginia law barring integrated seating, resulted in a 7-1 Supreme Court decision barring segregation in interstate commerce. (1944)
6-Jul	Students try to block troop trains in Berkeley, CA (1965)
7-Jul	First military draft by US (exemptions cost $100). (1863)
7-Jul	Pugwash scientists hold first peace conference.(1957)
7-Jul	2,000 Native American activists and anti-nuclear demonstrators march through the Black Hills (South Dakota) to protest the development of uranium mines in sacred lands. (1979)
7-Jul	The first of many syringes, blood vials & other hospital souvenirs -- some contaminated with the AIDS virus -- washes ashore on Long Island, forcing the closing of miles of beaches in the midst of the worst East Coast heat wave of the decade. (1988)
7-Jul	Peace march to Presidential residence blockaded by police, Belgrade, Serbia. (1992)
7-Jul	Cambodian parliament outlaws Khmer Rouge. (1994)
8-Jul	In the battle of Otompan, Otumba, Mexico, Spaniards slay 20,000 Aztecs. (1520)
8-Jul	First anthracite coal strike in US. (1842)
8-Jul	Taos Pueblo recover sacred Blue Lake from Federal government. (1970)
8-Jul	Congress enacts the Hopi-Navajo [forced] Relocation Act to "solve" the problem of impeded access to coal deposits at Big Mountain, Arizona. Dine (Navajo) families at Big Mountain continue their resistance to this day. (1980)
8-Jul	Regional Council demands removal of all nuclear weapons and bases, Strathclyde, Scotland. (1981)
8-Jul	International Court Of Justice declares that in almost all circumstances use of nuclear weapons is illegal. (1996)
8-Jul	First arrests in Britain for pulling up Genetically Engineered crops. Five women pull up almost 200 plants at Monsanto's Model Farm, Watlington in Oxfordshire. Thames Valley. (1998)
9-Jul	Rudolf II, Emperor of Bohemia, grants freedom of worship in his domain. (1569)
9-Jul	Einstein, Russell and 7 other scientists warn that choice is between war and human survival (1955)
9-Jul	Novelist Dashiell Hammett sentenced, choosing six months' imprisonment rather than co-operate with the US House of Representatives Committee on Un-American Activities' inquiries into domestic "subversion" (1951)
9-Jul	100,000 march in Washington, D.C. for ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment. (1978)
10-Jul	US government rejects Soviet proposal of complete & general disarmament. (1962)
10-Jul	Greenpeace flagship, The Rainbow Warrior, bombed in New Zealand by French government (1987)
11-Jul	World Population Day, sponsored by the United Nations to focus attendion on population issues.
11-Jul	League of Nations Union mass rally for disarmament, Albert Hall, London, England. (1931)
11-Jul	Founding of American Indian Movement (AIM), Minneapolis, MN (1968)
11-Jul	U.S. votes to impose sanctions against South Africa in protest of its apartheid policy. (1985)
12-Jul	Henry David Thoreau born (1817)
12-Jul	Illinois Governor Adlai Stevenson calls up National Guard to stop rioting in Cicero, where a mob of 3,500 tries to keep an African-American family from moving into the city. (1951)
13-Jul	Anti-draft riots in NYC, against the implementation of the first wartime draft of U.S. civilian (1863)
13-Jul	Live Aid concert raises $75 million for agricultural and technical assistance to Africa (1985)
13-Jul	7,000 Anti-Roads protestors take to the roads, take over the A41 motorway in London to stage a huge all-day street party. (1996)
14-Jul	Sedition Act made it a crime to write, utter or publish "any false, scandalous, & malicious" statements about the government, Congress, or the President. (1798)
14-Jul	International Peace Garden established on U.S./Canadian border at Pembina, North Dakota. (1932)
14-Jul	Black Americans in Harlem, NY, begin demonstrations in support of Ethiopian struggle against Italian fascism. (1935)
14-Jul	Indian Claims Commission upholds Indian claim for the first time in its history, awarding $3.5 million to the Choctaw & Chickasaw for lands illegally taken at the end of the Civil War. (1950)
14-Jul	Clean Air Act becomes law (1955)
14-Jul	118 people arrested at the site of the Jabiluka uranium mine in World Heritage-listed Kakadu National Park, land of the Mirrar aboriginal people, in tropical Northern Territory, Australia. (1998)
14-Jul	28 Food Not Bombs & homeless activists arrested in San Francisco's United Nations Plaza during a non-violent demonstration seeking to reclaim public space & parks made inaccessible to homeless people. (1998)
15-Jul	Capture of Jerusalem (first Crusade) 10,000 massacred. (1097)
15-Jul	The Spanish Inquisition, begun in 1478, is ended (1834)
15-Jul	52 Nobel laureates, led by Albert Einstein, call on all states to renounce force as an act of policy. Mainau, West Germany. (1955)
15-Jul	Oglala Sioux seize area on Sheep Mountain, North Dakota, demanding its return. (1970)
15-Jul	The Longest Walk, transcontinental walk for Native American justice, arrives in Washington D.C. from Alcatraz Island, California, with 30,000 marchers. (1978)
15-Jul	Joan Baez presents a free concert dedicated to nonviolence in Paris on the Place de la Concorde attended by 120,000. (1983)
15-Jul	Animal Rights activists begin sit-in at National Institute of Health to protest funding of the Experimental Head Injury Lab at the University of Pennsylvania. (1985)
15-Jul	Center for Anti-War Action founded, Belgrade, Yugoslavia. (1991)
15-Jul	"Yellow ribbon" rally against ethnic cleansing, Belgrade. (1992)
15-Jul	Cease-fire agreed to in Rwanda after genocidal tribal violence. (1992)
16-Jul	2,400 Cherokee shipped out of Montgomery, Alabama, for the Arkansas River, as part of the forced relocation of all Indians in U.S. to territories west of the Mississippi River.(1835)
16-Jul	"Fat Boy," the first experimental atomic bomb, exploded in Alamogordo, NM (1945)
16-Jul	An interracial group of 75 from the Youth Chapter of the Chicago NAACP conducted a wade-in at Rainbow Beach on the South Shore of Lake Michigan to counter segregation on the beach. (1961)
16-Jul	In anti-nuclear protest, 10,000 form human chain linking U.S. & Soviet embassies, London, England. (1983)
17-Jul	Tibet abolishes serfdom. (1959)
17-Jul	First aerial military bombing of a civilian population, by a U.S. Marine squadron of seven airplanes at Ocatal, Nicaragua, kills 300. (1927)
17-Jul	First land titles distributed to Nicaraguan peasants under land reform. (1981)
17-Jul	End of a 500-person occupation against nuclear waste dumping, Gorleben, West Germany. (1983)
18-Jul	Britain introduces voting by secret ballot. (1872)
18-Jul	Nelson Mandela born (1918)
18-Jul	Riots break out in Harlem after a police officer shoots an unarmed 15-year-old black youth, in the first of a series of summer racial riots in Brooklyn, Rochester, Paterson, Elizabeth, Newark, Philadelphia & suburban Chicago. (1964)
18-Jul	Hung jury in the trial of Dave Forbes of Boston Bruins, first athlete indicted for excessive violence during play. (1975)
19-Jul	Women's Rights Convention launches U.S. feminist movement, Seneca Falls, NY (1848)
19-Jul	Surrender of Sitting Bull & 186 followers, crossing the Canadian border into US; Army breaks its amnesty promise & jails him at Fort Randall, Dakota Territory. (1881)
19-Jul	Congress outlaws crossing state lines to "incite to riot." (1967)
19-Jul	Ten thousand fish killed when Mutrie Motor Transportation, Inc. of Waltham, Massachusetts, spills a highly toxic substance into the Charles River. (1969)
19-Jul	Martha Tranquill jailed nine months for tax refusal over Vietnam War,Sacramento, California. (1974)
19-Jul	Clinton announces his "Don't Ask Don't Tell" policy regarding gays in the military (1993)
19-Jul	A federal administrative law judge ordered white supremacist Ryan Wilson to pay $1.1 million in damages to fair housing advocate Bonnie Jouhari and her daughter. The decision stems from threats made against Jouhari by Wilson and his Philadelphia neo-Nazi group ALPA HQ. (2000)
20-Jul	General Custer & first official exploring expedition enters Black Hills with 110 wagons & 1,000 men, in direct violation of treaty of 1868 that barred whites from sacred hills. (1874)
20-Jul	The first Black Power conference held in Newark, NJ, calling on black people in the US "to unite, to recognize their heritage and to build a sense of community." (1967)
20-Jul	National Chicano Moratorium Committee march & rally draw 5,000 people in Houston. (1970)
20-Jul	First labor contract in the history of the federal government signed by postal unions & the Postal Service through the collective bargaining process. (1971)
21-Jul	Philip "The Fair's" secret commission results in the arrest of & confiscation of all the goods & money of, every Jew in France. (1721)
21-Jul	George Carlin charged with disorderly conduct & profanity after performing his famous "7 Words" routine at Summerfest in Milwaukee. (1972)
21-Jul	Martial law lifted in Poland. (1983)
21-Jul	15,000 hold a memorial vigil in Milan after the murder of an anti-Mafia leader. (1992)
22-Jul	Friendly Association for Peace founded, Philadelphia. (1756)
22-Jul	About 1,250 people took part in an effort to blok public construction in Brooklyn until more African-Americans and Puerto Ricans were hired. More than 200 obstructors were arrested, including 10 ministers. (1963)
22-Jul	The “Stewart B. McKinney Homeless Assistance Act”, Pub. L. 100-77, permits the donation of Federal surplus personal property to tax-exempt providers of assistance to homeless individuals.(1988)
22-Jul	Month-long hunger strike of women against the Mafia begins, Palermo, Sicily. (1992)
23-Jul	In an atmosphere of popular rebellion againt the French King, the commons refused to leave the chamber when directed by Louis XVI, claiming that "no one can give orders to the assembled nation." (1789)
23-Jul	Henry David Thoreau jailed for refusal to pay poll tax, which led to his writing "Civil Disobedience." (1846)
24-Jul	U.S. Army marches to Salt Lake City for a planned invasion to drive out the Mormons (1847)
24-Jul	President Herbert Hoover proclaimed the Kellogg-Briand Pact, which renounced war as an instrument of foreign policy. (1929)
24-Jul	Canadians and Americans cross border at Thousand Islands Bridge to protest nuclear weapons and border harassment of peace activists. (1983)
24-Jul	10,000 form a human chain for a cleaner North Sea, West Germany. (1983)
25-Jul	Manifesto of nonviolent resistance to Nazi occupation, Norway. (1942)
25-Jul	The National Security Act of 1947 is passed by Congress, uniting the armed forces under control of the National Military Establishment, called the Department of Defense. (1947)
25-Jul	Test Ban Treaty signed by U.S.S.R., U.S. and Britain (1963)
26-Jul	Slavery abolished in all British dominions. (1833)
26-Jul	U.S. Women win vote (1920)
26-Jul	President Truman ends segregation in the Armed Forces. (1948)
26-Jul	Americans with Disabilities Act signed into law. (1990)
27-Jul	U.S. & Mexico in joint resolution outlaw enslavement of remaining Navajo. (1869)
27-Jul	Chicago race riots: A black youth crosses an unseen "color line" at the 29th Street Beach & was drowned by rock-throwing whites. 28 people eventually killed, & at least 500 were injured. (1919)
	Four women arrested for a Plowshares action, pouring their own blood on weaponry at the Naval Submarine Base at Groton, Conn. the morning of the launch of the last new Trident submarine, the U.S.S. Louisiana. (1996)
28-Jul	The 14th Amendment is declared ratified by the states.(1868)
28-Jul	Military gas and bayonet "bonus marchers," WW I vets (1934)
28-Jul	San Francisco becomes the first U.S. city to ban the sale and possession of hand guns. (1982)
29-Jul	Grape growers sign with UFW; end of first grape boycott (1970)
29-Jul	Supreme Court rules death penalty is cruel and unusual punishment by a 5-4 vote (1972)
30-Jul	Birthday of radical economist Thorsten Veblen author of "The Theory of the Leisure Class." (1857)
31-Jul	The National Association of Colored Women was founded in Washington D.C. by Mary Church Terrell. (1896)
31-Jul	25,000 people rally for freedom from South African colonial rule, Namibia (1986)
AUGUST
1-Aug	As World War I begins, Harry Hodgkin, a British Quaker and Friedrich Siegmund-Schulte, a German Lutheran pastor, attending a conference in Germany, pledged to continue sowing the "seeds of peace and love, no matter what the future might bring," germinating the idea of the Fellowship of Reconciliation. (1914)
1-Aug	Gandhi begins movement of noncooperation, India. (1920)
1-Aug	Britain bans cigarette advertising from commercial television. (1965)
1-Aug	Helsinki Accords on human rights & East-West relations formed. (1975)
1-Aug	First occupation of Seabrook, New Hampshire nuclear reactor site. (1976)
1-Aug	Blockade of nuclear missile site begins, Grossenstringen, West Germany. (1982)
1-Aug	US resumes making chemical weapons after 14 year's suspension. (1983)
2-Aug	Albert Einstein urges all scientists to refuse military work. (1931)
2-Aug	Mounted police break up anti-Korean War protest in Union Square, N.Y.C. (1950)
3-Aug	Congress passes the first law to restrict immigration in the United States. (1882)
3-Aug	Four die in the "Wheatland riots" when police fire into a crowd of California farmworkers trying to organize for better working conditions. (1913)
3-Aug	Federal Communications Commission (FCC) upholds a political candidate's right to broadcast paid commercials with racist content if such broadcast presents no danger of violence or incitement to violence. (1972)
3-Aug	Eight women arrested in Motherpeace action, U.S.-Canada war test site, Vancouver, B.C. (1986)
3-Aug	143 resisters publicly refuse military call-up, South Africa. (1988)
4-Aug	Trial of John Peter Zenger on charges of libel (1735)
4-Aug	In France, an elected Assembly abolished the privileges of the nobility. (1789)
4-Aug	US Marines leave Nicaragua after 13-year occupation.(1925)
4-Aug	First International Nonviolent March leaves for Verdun from Metz, France. (1976)
4-Aug	Peace Ribbon made by thousands of women wrapped around Pentagon. (1985)
4-Aug	Congress votes $20,000 to each Japanese-American interned during WW II. (1988)
5-Aug	US, USSR and Great Britain sign treaty banning nuclear testing in atmosphere (1963)
6-Aug	At Auburn Prison in New York, William Kemmler becomes the first person to be executed in the electric chair. (1890)
6-Aug	Hiroshima Peace Day-atom bomb dropped on Hiroshima by "Enola Gay" (1945)
6-Aug	Voting Rights Act signed. (1965)
6-Aug	US imposes sanctions of Iraq. (1990)
7-Aug	Ralph Bunche born, the first African-American to hold a key position at the State Department, and recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize for negotiating the 1948 Arab-Israeli truce. (1904)
7-Aug	The first photograph of Earth taken from space is sent by the Explorer VI satellite. (1959)
7-Aug	Arias Peace Plan signed by five Central American nations (1987)
8-Aug	At the Wind River Reservation in Wyoming, President Chester Arthur meets with Shoshoni Chief Washaki, becoming the first president to officially visit a Native American tribe. (1883)
9-Aug	Edge Pillock in Burlington County, New Jersey, becomes the first Native American reservation in the United States. (1758)
9-Aug	Nagasaki Day
11-Aug	Oliver Wendell Holmes is appointed to the Supreme Court. He wrote, "...The right to swing your arm ends where my nose begins." (1902)
11-Aug	19 conscientious objectors, prisoners at the Federal Corrections Institution in Danbury, Connecticut, begin a 133-day strike to protest racial segregation at meals. (1943)
11-Aug	Riots broke out in the Watts district of Los Angles. (1965)
12-Aug	Thousands demonstrate in Philadelphia in support of Mumia Abu-Jamal, on death row since 1982, in the largest anti-death penalty rally in the U.S. (1995)
13-Aug	East German border guards begin construction of the Berlin Wall (1961)
13-Aug	Lamar Smith, who had organized blacks to vote in a recent election, was shot dead on the courthouse lawn by a white man in broad daylight Brookhaven, Miss. (1955)
13-Aug	Black students admitted to Little Rock High School, AR (1959)
14-Aug	Henry David Thoreau jailed for war tax resistance in Mexican War (1847)
14-Aug	India achieves independence from Britain after years of Gandhian resistance (1947)
14-Aug	10,000 Northern Ireland women demonstrate for peace in Belfast (1976)
15-Aug	Congress quickly passes law to remove Native Americans from Black Hills country after gold is found there.(1876)
15-Aug	India achieves independence after years of Gandhi's non-violent campaign (1947)
15-Aug	Woodstock festival begins (1969)
16-Aug	Solidarity led government elected in Poland (1989)
17-Aug	First of 350 B-52 bombers destroyed by U.S., as called for in START I treaty. (1993)
18-Aug	James Meredith became the first African American to graduate from The University of Mississippi. (1963)
18-Aug	Peace activists attempt to disrupt the launch of the Polaris submarine, Groton, CT (1982)
19-Aug	Benjamin Banneker sends a copy of his just-published almanac to Secretary of State, Thomas Jefferson, along with an appeal on behalf of African-Americans' "humiliating condition (slavery)..." (1791)
20-Aug	North America's first slaves arrive in Virginia from Africa (1619)
20-Aug	President Johnson signs a nearly $1 billion anti-poverty measure, the Economic Opportunity Act, which created the"Head Start", "Vista", and other "Great Society" programs.(1964)
20-Aug	Cesar Chavez ends a 36-day fast protesting dangerous pesticides in the fields. (1988)
21-Aug	Czechoslovakian people resist Soviet invasion (1968)
21-Aug	Aquino assassinated in the Philippines; hundreds of thousands demonstrate against Marcos (1983)
21-Aug	Cesar Chavez ends 36 day hunger strike to protest the use of pesticides on field workers (1988)
22-Aug	The Clotilde, the last known slave ship to arrive in America, docked at Mobile, AL under a veil of secrecy. (1854)
22-Aug	United Farm Workers Formed. (1966)
23-Aug	Czech media issue an appeal to paint over house numbers and street signs to make it harder for Russian occupiers to carry out arrests. (1968)
23-Aug	A million join hands in a 400 mile chain of resistance to USSR, Baltic states (1989)
24-Aug	Abbie Hoffman & Jerry Rubin throw 300 one-dollar bills from balcony onto floor of New York Stock Exchange, to disrupt business as usual. (1967)
24-Aug	U.F.W. lettuce strike begins (1970)
25-Aug	San Antonio Municipal Auditorium riot; progressive mayor Maury Maverick defends the free speech rights of communists to speak at the auditorium. (1939)
25-Aug	Delegates from the Mississippi Freedom Party usurped the seats of the Mississippi delegation at the Democratic National Convention. After a failed attempt to remove them by force, convention officials, the "regular' white delegation had to find seats elsewhere. (1964)
25-Aug	After the Soviet occupation of Prague, CZ, city buses began their routes bearing the signs, "U.S.: S.O.S." (1968)
25-Aug	UN Security Council declares embargo against Iraq (1990)
26-Aug	The French Assembly adopted the Declaration of the Rights of Man. (1789)
26-Aug	The Amistad, a slave ship, is seized by the slaves and lands on Long Island, NY (1839)
26-Aug	19th Amendment, women gain right to vote; celebrated as Women's Equality Day (1920)
26-Aug	Samantha Smith, a youth invited to the Soviet Union after writing a letter calling for peace, dies in an airplane crash at age 13. (1985)
27-Aug	International Peace Bureau established, Rome, Italy. (1872)
27-Aug	Charles Schenk arrested; Supreme Court later says a "clear and present danger" was posed by his anti-draft leaflet "Long Live the Constitution of the U.S." (1917)
27-Aug	Mother Teresa born in Skopje, Albania (1910)
27-Aug	15 nations signed the Kellogg-Briand Pact that officially abolished war but lacked means of enforcement. (1928)
27-Aug	San Francisco Peace Torch begins its journey to Washington, D.C. for a demonstration against the Vietnam War. (1967)
27-Aug	Strike against the visit of potentially nuclear-armed US warship closes New Zealand docks for a week. (1976)
27-Aug	36 women and four babies in pushchairs set off on their march to US Air Force base Greenham Common to protest about the deployment of American nuclear cruise missiles. (1981)
27-Aug	300,000 march in Washington on 20th anniversary of Civil Rights March, the second "March on Washington for Jobs, Peace, & Freedom" (1983)
28-Aug	England abolishes slavery. (1833)
28-Aug	Teenager Emmett Till is brutally murdered after speaking "inappropriately" to a white woman. The questionable trial helped to mobilize the civil rights movement. (1955)
28-Aug	Martin Luther King's "I Have a Dream" speech delivered (1963)
28-Aug	60,000 join Peace People demonstrations, Belfast & Dublin, Ireland.(1976)
29-Aug	Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1957, the first federal civil rights legislation since 1875. The bill established a civil rights commission and a civil rights division in the Justice Department. (1957)
29-Aug	SNCC voter registration drive begins in the South. (1961)
29-Aug	Thousands of Chicanos gathered at Laguna Park in East L.A. to protest disproportionate number of deaths of Chicano soldiers in Vietnam. LAPD shot and killed journalist Ruben Salazar, accused of inciting the Chicano community. (1970)
29-Aug	Women call on women worldwide for peace. European Peace Caravan, Sarajevo, Bosnia. (1991)
30-Aug	"Hot line" telephone link established between Kremlin & White House. (1963)
30-Aug	Democratic Party convention refuses to seat black protest delegation in place of all-white delegation from state of Mississippi. (1964)
30-Aug	Ten empty school busses are blown up in Pontiac, Michigan eight days before bussing of 8,700 children to achieve racial balance in the schools was scheduled to begin. (1971)
31-Aug	Marcus Garvey, leader of the Black separatist movement, was inaugurated provisional president of "The Republic of Africa" in a Harlem ceremony. (1921)
31-Aug	Mexican-Americans in Beeville, Texas, desegregate the local high school. (1931)
31-Aug	2000 attend "World Unity or World Destruction" rally, London. (1941)
31-Aug	Seven Chrokee Indian youths, accompanied by two adults, began a three-day sit-in outside Dunn High School in North Carolina to gain admission there instead of at the distant all-Indian school. (1960)
31-Aug	Kenneth Kaunda, later to become President of Zambia, threatened to call upon Northern Rhodesia's 11,000 civil servants to resign. (1962)
31-Aug	President Johnson signs law making the burning of draft cards a federal offense. (1965)

SEPTEMBER
1-Sep	Traditional date of the destruction of Jerusalem. (69)
1-Sep	Carl von Ossietzky founds Nie Wieder Krieg in Berlin, Germany (1920)
1-Sep	Germany invades Poland, starting World War II (1939)
1-Sep	Charles Liteky & George Mizo begin Fast For Life against U.S. support of Nicaraguan contras, Washington D.C. (1986)
1-Sep	Kurdish & British activists blockade an arms trade exhibition outside London. 89 arrested. (1997)
1-Sep	International Day of War Tax Resistance
2-Sep	A mob of white coal miners violently attacked their Chinese co-workers in Rock Springs, Wyoming, for refusing to participate in a strike for higher wages. (1885)
3-Sep	Abolitionist, journalist, author, and human rights advocate Frederick Douglass made his dramatic escape from slavery. (1838)
4-Sep	Paul Robeson, defying racist mob, sings to 15,000 at Peekskill, NY (1949)
4-Sep	Governor Faubus of Arkansas called out National Guard to prevent integration of black students into Central High School in Little Rock. President Eisenhower sent in troops to enforce the law. (1957)
4-Sep	10,000 dance on nuclear reactor site, Gorleben, W. Germany (1982)
5-Sep	Some 10,000 workers assembled in New York City to participate in America's first Labor Day parade. (1882)
6-Sep	Jane Addams, founder of WILPF and Nobel Peace Prize winner born (1860)
7-Sep	An Idaho jury returned a $6.3 million civil judgment against the Aryan Nations, its founder Richard Butler and former security guards. (2000)
9-Sep	Religious conscientious objector Corbett Bishop, is arrested after walking out of a Civilian Public Service Camp and is arrested; during subsequent trials and imprisonments, he refuses any type of cooperation with the goivernment until he is released 193 days later. (1944)
9-Sep	Students at Chu Van An boys' high school in Saigon tore down the government flag and raised a Buddhist flag to protest the corrupt Diem regime in S. Vietnam; 1,000 were arrested. (1963)
9-Sep	Plowshares activists hammer missile cone, King of Prussia, PA (1980)
12-Sep	Steven Biko, South African leader, killed in prison (1977)
13-Sep	European Parliament recommends end to war toy advertisements (1982)
14-Sep	Eugene Debs sentenced to ten years in prison for opposing U.S. entry into World War I (1918)
14-Sep	Citizens of Prague, Czechoslovakia, begin a week-long boycott of German-controlled newspapers. (1941)
14-Sep	Free Speech Movement begins in Berkeley, CA (1964)
15-Sep	Antoinette Brown of South Butler, New York, becomes America's first female minister. (1853)
15-Sep	Respect for the Aged Day (In Japan)
15-Sep	Four black children - Addie Mae Collins, Denise McNair, Carole Robertson and Cynthia Wesley - killed in Sixteenth Street Baptist Church in Birmingham, AL by a bomb blast. (1963)
16-Sep	President Ford announces a conditional amnesty program for Vietnam War deserters and draft-evaders, providing they agree to work two years in public service. (1974)
16-Sep	William Whippers "An Address on Non-resistance to Offensive Aggression" was published. This landmark essay predated Thoreau's treatise on Civil Disobedience by 12 years. (1837)
18-Sep	Congress passed the Fugitive Slave Act, allowing slave owners to reclaim slaves who escaped into another state.
19-Sep	80,000 demonstrate for democratic peace in Hague (1926)
19-Sep	The United States conducts its first underground nuclear test, in the Nevada desert. (1957)
19-Sep	Solidarity Day - 400,000 rally in Washington, D.C. to support labor (1991)
20-Sep	In anticipation of the Stamp Act, George Wshington suggests closing the courthouses so that the British have no way to collect objectionable taxes. (1765)
20-Sep	National Negro Convention, a group of 38 free African-Americans from eight states, meets in Philadelphia to abolish slavery & improve the social status of African-Americans. (1830)
20-Sep	The District of Columbia abolishes the slave trade. (1850)
20-Sep	William Lloyd Garrison founds New England Non-Resistance Society, anti-slavery group (1838)
20-Sep	Upton Sinclair's The Jungle, exposing conditions in the Chicago meatpacking industry, published. (1906)
20-Sep	Rabindranath Tagore urges resistance to practice of "untouchability," British India. (1932)
20-Sep	63 arrested for blocking bulldozers in Syracuse, NY, uraban renewal project. (1963)
21-Sep	War Resisters League organizes first anti-Vietnam War demonstration in U.S., New York City. (1963)
21-Sep	10,000 Filipinos defy government order & stage "Freedom March". (1980)
22-Sep	The Soviet Union exploded its first atomic bomb. (1949)
22-Sep	American Indian Movement (AIM) activists attempt to arrest the deputy director of the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) in Washington, D.C. (1971)
22-Sep	Solidarity union formed in Poland under leadership of Lech Walesa.(1980)
22-Sep	Farm Aid concert; more than 50 musicians raised $9 million for debt-ridden U.S. farmers. (1985)
23-Sep	Mary Church Terrell, educator, political activist, and first president of the National Association of Colored Women, was born in Memphis, Tennessee. (1863)
23-Sep	First boycott, over rent charges, County Mayo, Ireland (1880)
24-Sep	10,000 draft files destroyed by fourteen anti-war activists - Milwaukee, WI (1968)
25-Sep	Nine African-American children, protected by 300 army paratroopers with fixed bayonets, attend the all-white Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas, following a Supreme Court ruling that segregated schools violated the Fourteenth Amendment. (1957)
25-Sep	Herbert Lee, who worked with civil rights leader Bob Moses to help register black voters, was killed by a state legislator who claimed self-defense and was never arrested, in Liberty, Miss. (1961)
28-Sep	Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin and PLO Chairman Yasser Arafat signed "phase two" of their peace agreement in Washington, D.C. (1995)
29-Sep	Congress authorizes the establishment of a 1000-man standing army. (1789)
29-Sep	Britain began to govern Palestine under a League of Nations mandate. (1923)
29-Sep	Birthday of Polish labor leader, president and Nobel Peace Prize winner Lech Walesa. (1943)
30-Sep	Two are killed and 70 wounded in a riot at the University of Mississippi when 2,000 KKK and student demonstrators try to keep a black man, James Meredith, from being admitted to classes (1962)
30-Sep	1,400 draft cards burned in anti Viet Nam war protest, Puerto Rico (1970)
OCTOBER
1-Oct	Thomas Paine publishes Common Sense (1776)
1-Oct	Anti-Kriegs Museum, first museum for peace, opened in Berlin (1920)
1-Oct	Army kills and injures hundreds during student protest of university policies, Mexico City (1968)
1-Oct	World Vegetarian Day, sponsored by the North American Vegetarian Society
1-Oct	Five Plowshares activists pour blood on submarines at General Dynamics (1984)
2-Oct	Mahatma Gandhi born (1869)
2-Oct	An antinuclear peace march sponsored by the Committee for Nonviolent Action arrives in Moscow ten months after its start in San Francisco. (1961)
2-Oct	The United States applies economic sanctions to South Africa. (1986)
3-Oct	First British nuclear bomb test, Monte Bello, Australia. (1952)
4-Oct	Earl Butz resigned as agriculture secretary with an apology for what he called the "gross indiscretion" of uttering a racist remark. (1976)
4-Oct	The Mozambique government and RENAMO rebels signed an historic peace accord, ending 16 years of civil war in the southeast African nation. (1993)
4-Oct	Demonstrations across the country protest the scheduled launch of the space probe Cassini with a plutonium payload. (1997)
5-Oct	Chief Joseph, leader of the Nez Pierce Indians, surrendered to the American Army, ending a desperate struggle by his people for self-determination. (1877)
5-Oct	Birthday of activist Philip Berrigan. (1923)
5-Oct	In 1965, Pope Paul VI made an unprecedented 14-hour visit to New York to plead for world peace before the United Nations. (1965)
5-Oct	2,000 activists demonstrate against development of uranium mines in Black Hills, South Dakota. (1979)
5-Oct	Raoul Wallenberg Day, honoring the Swedish diplomat who saved 100,000 Hungarian Jews during WWII.
5-Oct	"Stop the hatred to stop the war" demonstration, Belgrade, Yugoslavia. (1991)
5-Oct	President Clinton ordered a resumption in nuclear testing after China broke an informal moratorium and exploded a nuclear device beneath its western desert. (1993)
6-Oct	Arrival of first pacifists from Germany in America, to Pennsylvania (1683)
6-Oct	Gandhi ends 21-day fast for Hindu-Moslem unity, India.(1924)
6-Oct	346 protestors arrested at site of proposed Black Fox nuclear plant, Inola, Oklahoma. (1978)
7-Oct	20,000 march against Marcos dictatorship, Manila, Philippines. (1984)
7-Oct	200,000 march on Washington for housing for the homeless (1989)
8-Oct	Argentinian-born Communist revolutionary Ernesto Che Guevara, an important figure in the 1959 Cuban revolution, was killed while leading a guerrilla war in Bolivia. (1967)
9-Oct	Women In Black founded, Belgrade, Serbia. (1991)
10-Oct	The Spanish issued a royal decree which stated that every African-American who came to St. Augustine, FL and adopted Catholicism would be free and protected from the English. (1699)
10-Oct	Treaty demilitarizing outer space comes into force. (1967)
10-Oct	U.S. begins reparations payments to survivors & families of Japanese-Americans taken from their homes & put into internment camps during World War II. (1990)
10-Oct	Greenpeace ship begins trip down Amazon River to protest illegal logging by transnational corporations. (1994)
11-Oct	The San Francisco Board of Education orders the segregation of Asian schoolchildren. (1906)
11-Oct	Campaign of individual satyagraha begins, India (1940)
11-Oct	Nearly one million people flood Washington, D.C. demanding gay and lesbian rights (1987)
12-Oct	Native Americans discover Columbus (1492)
12-Oct	President Grant publicly condemns the Ku Klux Klan and orders the arrest of over 600 citizens involved in its activities in South Carolina. (1871)
12-Oct	Former President Theodore Roosevelt criticizes U.S.citizens who identify themselves by dual nationalities, saying, "There is no room in this country for 'hyphenated Americanism.'" (1915)
12-Oct	Reform Jewish Temple in Atlanta is firebombed in retaliation for Jewish support of local black civil rights activists. (1958)
13-Oct	AFL votes to boycott all German-made products as a protest against Nazi antagonism to organized labor within Germany. (1934)
14-Oct	William Penn, English reformer and founder of Pennsylvania, born in London, England. (1644)
14-Oct	On the eve of Jewish escape from the Sobibor extermination camp in Poland, a young telegraph operator, at risk of her life, delays for four hours sending a German request for military reinforcements to catch the escapees. (1943)
14-Oct	First national gay & lesbian march for civil rights in Washington, D.C., draws over 100,000 marchers. (1979)
14-Oct	Dock workers in Darwin, Australia, begin seven-day strike, refusing to load uranium on board "Pacific Sky" for eventual use by U.S. military. After a week, the ship is forced to leave without its cargo. (1981)
15-Oct	B'nai B'rith is founded in New York City. (1843)
15-Oct	7,000 march for nuclear disarmament, La Louviere, Belgium. (1961)
15-Oct	David Miller first to burn his draft card after Congress outlaws it, NYC (1963)
15-Oct	The "Endangered Species Preservation Act" becomes law (1966)
15-Oct	2 million take part in rallies, teach-ins and vigils on Vietnam Moratorium Day (1969)
16-Oct	The colony of Maine grants religious freedom to all citizens. (1649)
16-Oct	President Roosevelt alienates the South when he invites Booker T. Washington to the White House. (1901)
16-Oct	Fannie Lou Hamer, crusader for black voting rights, born (1916)
16-Oct	During medal presentations at the Olympics in Mexico City, sprinters Tommie Smith and John Carlos raised their fists in a Black power salute while the Star Spangled Banner played. They were suspended from the team. (1968)
16-Oct	World Food Day, United Nations
17-Oct	International Day for the Eradication of Poverty, United Nations
17-Oct	Black Poetry Day, commemorating the birth in 1711 of Jupiter Hammon, the first African-American American to publish his own verse. (1760)
18-Oct	British police arrested former Chilean dictator Gen. Augusto Pinochet for questioning about "crimes of genocide and terrorism that include murder." (1998)
18-Oct	The Shoemakers of Boston became the first labor union in the American colonies. (1648)
19-Oct	U.S. marshals escort James Meredith onto University of Mississippi campus (1962)
20-Oct	The House Un-American Activities Committee opened public hearings into communist influence in Hollywood. (1947)
20-Oct	The Supreme Court rules that teachers could spank students if the students were told in advance of the behavior that would warrant such punishment. (1975)
20-Oct	Rallies in 22 cities against United States' 200,000 troops in Persian Gulf (1990)
21-Oct	The U.S. Army wins the Seminole wars in the Florida Everglades by inviting Osceola to a "peace conference", then jailing him. (1837)
21-Oct	Chinese troops occupied Tibet. (1950)
21-Oct	100,000 march on Pentagon to end Vietnam War, 700 arrested (1967)
22-Oct	200,000 students boycott Chicago schools to protest de facto segregation (1963)
23-Oct	The NAACP filed formal charges with the United Nations accusing the United States of racial discrimination. This appeal spurred President Truman to create a civil rights commission. (1947)
23-Oct	Jackie Robinson, the first black baseball player hired by a major league team, was signed by the Brooklyn Dodgers and sent to their Montreal farm team. (1945)
24-Oct	25,000 homemakers in Iceland go on strike, doing no housework (1975)
24-Oct	Two million demonstrate in Europe against Cruise and Pershing missiles (1983)
24-Oct	United Nations Day
25-Oct	Sadako Sasaki, who tried to fold 1,000 paper cranes, dies of leukemia (1955)
26-Oct	The Lord Mayor of Cork, Ireland, Terence McSwiney, died after a two-and-a-half-month hunger strike in a British prison cell, demanding independence for Ireland. (1920)
27-Oct	William Robinson & Marmaduke Steven, two Quakers who came from England in 1656 to escape religious persecution, are executed in the Massachusetts Bay Colony for their religious beliefs. (1659)
27-Oct	Philip Berrigan, Tom Lewis, David Eberhardt, & James Mengel pour duck's blood over draft files in Baltimore, MD, protesting Vietnam War. (1967)
27-Oct	120,000 march against Vietnam War. London, England. (1968)
27-Oct	Ralph Nader sets up a consumer organization known as Nader's Raiders. (1969)
28-Oct	In a battle that traditionally marks the beginning of the Christian era in Europe, Constantine's army, wearing the cross, defeated the forces of Maxentius at Mulvian Bridge in Rome. (312)
29-Oct	First compusory peacetime draft in United States begun. (1940)
29-Oct	100 demonstrators disrupt university ROTC drill with non-violent ridicule, Buffalo, NY (1969)
30-Oct	Martin Luther King, Jr., is arrested & jailed in Birmingham, Alabama, on charges stemming from demonstrations in 1963. (1967)
30-Oct	500,000 Dutch in anti-missile rally, the Hague. (1983)
30-Oct	Over 80 people arrested at Sugarloaf Mountain in southern Oregon during a massive direct action to prevent corporate clear-cutting of old growth forests on public land. (1995)
31-Oct	Earl Lloyd is the first African-American to play in National Basketball Association (NBA) game when he plays with the Washington Capitols. (1950)
NOVEMBER
1-Nov	The Sons of Liberty marched through the streets of Boston to the burying ground carrying a coffin marked "old freedom." At the graveyard during the mock funeral, a groan emited from the coffin and old freedom rose from the grave, invunerable to the attacks of tyranny and oppression. (1765)
1-Nov	A number of newspapers in the American colonies ceased publication rather than pay the hated stamp tax. (1765)
1-Nov	Australia abolishes peace-time compulsory military training. (1929)
1-Nov	A London organization sent a delegation of women to Geneva to lobby representatives at a test ban conference to push for an end to nuclear testing. (1958)
1-Nov	McDonald's, under pressure from environmental groups, said it would replace plastic food containers with paper. (1990)
2-Nov	President Ronald Reagan signs a bill designating a federal holiday honoring Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. (1983)
3-Nov	Washington orders the Continental Army disbanded.(1783)
3-Nov	US Supreme Court declares Native Americans to be "aliens" (1883)
4-Nov	Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin is fatally shot minutes after attending a peace rally held in Tel Aviv's Kings Square in Israel. (1995)
5-Nov	Italians are the first to drop bombs from airplanes when they bombed an oasis in Libya. (1911)
5-Nov	Bobby Seale, the founder of the Black Panther Party, is sentenced to four years in prison on sixteen counts of contempt of court during the Chicago Eight trial in Chicago. (1969)
5-Nov	Goban Mbeki, an early leader of the African National Congress, was released from Robben Island prison after serving twenty-four years. (1987)
6-Nov	The United States exploded the world's first hydrogen bomb at Eniwetok Atoll in the Pacific. (1952)
6-Nov	The Iran-Contra affair, a scandal that involved the illegal selling of arms to Iran to fund anti-communist guerrilla forces in Nicaragua, was revealed to the American public. (1986)
7-Nov	Abolitionist editor Elijah Lovejoy dies defending his printing press, Alton, IL (1837)
7-Nov	Jeannette Rankin, America's first Congresswoman, was elected in Montana. (1916)
7-Nov	New Jersey becomes the first state to allow girls into the little league. (1973)
8-Nov	Dorothy Day born (1897)
8-Nov	Trail of Broken Treaties march occupies Bureau of Indian Affairs, Wash., DC (1972)
9-Nov	78 Native Americans take over Alcatraz Island, San Francisco, CA (1969)
9-Nov	Berlin Wall falls (1989)
10-Nov	Society for Human Rights, first gay rights organization in U.S., founded in Chicago (1924)
10-Nov	Kristalnacht - across Germany, Nazis murder dozens of Jews, attack synagogues and loot stores in open terror that leads to holocaust (1938)
11-Nov	A Roman Catholic priest in Berlin, Provost Lichtenberg, preached in a sermon that he wanted to be deported to the East with the Jews to be and pray with them. He was. (1941)
11-Nov	250,000 march for abortion rights in Washington, DC (1989)
12-Nov	Elizabeth Cady Stanton, spokeswoman for the human rights of women, was born in Johnstown, NY. (1815)
13-Nov	The first recorded "sit-down" strike in the US was staged by workers at the Hormel Packing Company in Austin, Minn. (1933)
13-Nov	1,000 celebrate 300th anniversary of first Quaker peace protest with silent vigil at Pentagon (1960)
13-Nov	US Supreme Court rules segregation is unconstitutional on public buses. (1956)
13-Nov	The Vietnam War Memorial is dedicated in Washington, D.C.(1982)
14-Nov	Solidarity leader Lech Walesa is released after 11 months in prison. (1989)
15-Nov	The NY General assembly permits Jews to omit phrase "upon the faith of a Christian" from abjuration oath. (1727)
15-Nov	US Committee for a Sane Nuclear Policy (SANE) founded (1957)
15-Nov	500,000 peacefully demonstrate in Wash DC against Vietnam War (1969)
16-Nov	When the surviving Jews of Bratislava, Czechoslovakia, were ordered to the town hall to register, only 50 obeyed; at leasy 6,000 remained hidden in bunkers. (1944)
16-Nov	Six Jesuit priests murdered by Salvadoran military (1989)
17-Nov	New York newspaper publisher Peter Zenger is arrested and imprisoned for seditious libel against New York Governor William Cosby. (1734)
17-Nov	Reformer and children's rights advocate Grace Abbott born in Grand Island, NE. (1878)
17-Nov	Samuel Gompers organized the forerunner of the American Federation of Labor. (1888)
18-Nov	Birth of Sojourner Truth, feminist, abolitionist, former slave (1787)
18-Nov	The National Women's Christian Temperance Union was organized in Cleveland, Ohio. (1888)
18-Nov	South Africa's ruling National Party and leaders of 20 other parties representing blacks and whites approved a new national constitution that provides fundamental rights to blacks. (1993)
19-Nov	Abraham Lincoln delivered the Gettysburg Address. (1863)
19-Nov	In an unprecedented move for an Arab leader, Egyptian president Anwar el-Sadat travels to Jerusalem in Israel to seek a permanent peace settlement with Egypt's Jewish neighbor after decades of conflict. (1977)
20-Nov	Nuremberg War Crimes Trials begin and continue until October 1, 1946, establishing that subordinates are responsible for their own actions even if ordered by their superiors. (1945)
20-Nov	The UN issued "The Declaration of the Rights of the Child." (1959)
20-Nov	President John F. Kennedy issued an executive order forbidding racial discrimination in public housing. (1962)
20-Nov	the U.S. Senate approved the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). (1993)
21-Nov	National Organization for Women (NOW) founded in Chicago. (1966)
21-Nov	President Lyndon Johnson sighed the Air Quality Act, beginning the war on pollution in America. (1967)
21-Nov	The Freedom of Information Act is passed by Congress over President Ford's veto. (1974)
21-Nov	350,000 march against nuclear weapons in Holland. (1981)
21-Nov	President Bush signed the Civil Rights Act of 1991, making it easier for workers to sue in job discrimination cases. (1991)
21-Nov	Dayton Peace Accords, ending the war in Bosnia-Herzegovina, initialed at Wright-Patterson AFB; formally signed in Paris on Dec. 14. (1995)
21-Nov	China jailed well-known dissident Wei Jing-sheng and charged him with trying to overthrow the government. (1995)
22-Nov	New York female garment workers call for general strike, leading to the "Uprising of the 20,000." (1909)
22-Nov	The first interracial kiss in TV history is shown on Star Trek between Capt. Kirk and Uhura. (1968)
22-Nov	Circumpolar peoples from Alaska, Canada, Greenland, Norway, & Sweden meet in Copenhagen to demand self-government & control over Arctic land & resources. (1972)
22-Nov	Some 2,000 people taken into custody during a demonstration against the Army's School of the Americas, accused by critics of training soldiers involved in atrocities in Latin America. (1998)
23-Nov	First recorded strike takes place, in Egypt, by laborers working on pyramid. (1170 BCE)
23-Nov	U.S. Supreme Court strikes down Louisville (Ky.) ordinance requiring blacks & whites to live in separate residential areas. (1917)
24-Nov	Women from 21 states met in Cleveland to organize the American Women Suffrage Association. (1869)
24-Nov	A group of writers, producers and directors that became known as the "Hollywood 10" are cited for contempt of Congress for refusing to answer questions about alleged Communist influence in the movie industry.(1947)
24-Nov	Congress votes to formally apologize to Hawaii for overthrowing the government in 1893. (1993)
24-Nov	Plowshare 7 damage B52's carrying cruise missiles at Griffith Air Force Base. (1983)
25-Nov	Alfred Nobel invents dynamite.(1867)
25-Nov	British government outlaws the IRA in all of Great Britain. (1974)
25-Nov	The Iran-Contra affair erupted as U.S. President Reagan and Attorney General Edwin Meese revealed that profits from secret arms sales to Iran had been diverted to American-supported Nicaraguan rebels in violation of U.S. laws. (1986)
25-Nov	2,000 march in NY city to protest sale of furs. Over 50 other cities hold demonstrations. (1988)
26-Nov	Birthday of Sarah Moore Grimke, antislavery/women's rights advocate. (1792)
26-Nov	U.S. Supreme Court declares 1875 Civil Rights Act unconstitutional. (1883)
26-Nov	U.N. passes Resolution Against Capital Punishment. (1968)
27-Nov	First convention of No-Conscription Fellowship, in England. (1915)
27-Nov	Jawaharlal Nehru, who fought British authority through acts of passive resistance and became India's first Prime Minister, made an impassioned speech for global disarmament. (1957)
27-Nov	March on Washington for Peace in Vietnam' Washington, D.C. 15,000-30,000 march. (1965)
27-Nov	U.S. Army medics stationed in Pleiku stage a fast to protest the Vietnam War. (1969)
27-Nov	20,000 rally for peace in Northern Ireland, Trafalgar Square, London. (1976)
27-Nov	Activists paint anti-military graffiti on war planes due for delivery to Turkey, Woensdrecht, te Netherlands. (1988)
28-Nov	Sinn Fein is founded in Dublin by Irish nationalist Arthur Griffith. (1905)
29-Nov	The Sand Creek Massacre takes place. Cheyenne and Arapaho Indians, awaiting surrender terms, are attacked by 900 calvarymen. (1864)
30-Nov	Pope Innocent III orders Jews to wear a special badge. (1216)
30-Nov	The American Society of Free Persons of Colour met for the first time, in Philadelphia. (1830)
30-Nov	Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act becomes law. (1993)
30-Nov	Thousands of activists, students, unionists and environmentalists shut down the World Trade Organization (WTO) summit in Seattle. (1999)
DECEMBER
1-Dec	International Peace Bureau launched, Berne, Switzerland. (1891)
1-Dec	Costa Rica disbands its army. (1948)
1-Dec	Rosa Parks, NAACP staff member, arrested for not giving up her bus seat (1955)
1-Dec	12 nations sign treaty for scientific peaceful use of Antarctica (1959)
1-Dec	World AIDS Day, sponsored by the American Association of World Health (since 1980s)
1-Dec	A silent march of women, protesting conscription, is met by a police attack & the arrest of 37 women. Khartoum, Sudan. (1997)
2-Dec	Members of the Jewish community of Newport, RI witnessed the dedication of the Touro Synagogue, the first synagogue in what became the United States. (1763)
2-Dec	The St. Petersburg Soviet urges people to withdraw funds from banks to weaken confidence in the Russian economy to prevent the Czarist government from obtaining foreign loans needed to combat the revolution. (1905)
2-Dec	Karl Liebknecht is the only member of German Parliament to vote against war with France & Britain. (1914)
2-Dec	The nuclear age begins when the world's first self-sustaining fission reaction was created. (1942)
2-Dec	The U.S. Senate votes sixty-five to twenty-two to condemn Senator Joseph McCarthy for misconduct unbecoming to a senator. (1954)
2-Dec	Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) created (1970)
2-Dec	Three Maryknoll nuns and a lay missionary murdered in El Salvador (1980)
3-Dec	The North Star newspaper founded by Frederick Douglass. Its slogan was, "Right is of no sex . . Truth I of no color . . God is the father of us all and we are all brothers." (1847)
3-Dec	Oberlin College, the first college to enroll men and women on equal terms and the first school in America to advocate the abolition of slavery and to accept African-American men and women on equal terms with white students, is founded in Ohio. (1833)
3-Dec	Mary McLeod Bethune founds the National Council of Negro Women. (1935)
3-Dec	Police arrest some 800 students at the University of California at Berkeley, one day after the students storm the administration building and staged a massive sit-in. (1964)
3-Dec	The Bhopal-Union Carbide Disaster; a pesticide plant located in central India leaks a toxic cloud of methyl isocyanate into the air, killing 2,000 people immediatelyand injuring 300,000. (1984)
3-Dec	International treaty banning land mines signed by 122 countries (1997)
3-Dec	International Day of Disabled Persons, United Nations
4-Dec	The American Anti-Slavery Society is formed by Arthur Tappan in Phila. (1833)
4-Dec	Five members of a Woman's Suffragist group unroll a banner from the visitor's gallery during President Wilson's address to Congress, asking, "Mr. President, What will you do for woman sufferage?" (1916)
4-Dec	El Congreso del Pueblo de Habla Española (The Spanish-Speaking Peoples Congress) holds its first conference in Los Angeles. (1938)
4-Dec	Cesar Chavez jailed for 20 days for refusing to call off UFW lettuce boycott. (1970)
4-Dec	United Nations agrees to establish University of Peace (& shortwave radio station Radio Peace International) in Costa Rica. (1980)
5-Dec	President Harry S Truman issues Executive Order 9808 which set up a committee to study the protection of civil rights in the United States. (1946)
5-Dec	The African-American community of Montgomery, Alabama launch their boycott of the city's bus system. (1955)
5-Dec	The American Federation of Labor and the Congress of Industrial Organizations merge to form the AFL-CIO. (1955)
5-Dec	New York City becomes the first city to legislate against racial or religious discrimination in housing market (Fair Housing Practices Law). (1957)
5-Dec	1000 antiwar protestors try to close NYC induction center; 585 arrested including Allen Ginsberg and Dr. Benjamin Spock. (1967)
5-Dec	UN adopts charter for University for Peace, Costa Rica (1980)
6-Dec	Harriet Tubman escapes from slavery in Maryland. (1849)
6-Dec	The 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution is ratified, abolishing slavery. Congress passed it on Jan 24. (1865)
6-Dec	An explosion at a mine owned by the Fairmont Coal Company in Monongah, WVa kills 361 coal miners, the worst mining disaster in American history. (1907)
7-Dec	The first execution by lethal injection takes place at the state penitentiary in Huntsville, Texas. (1983)
8-Dec	Jeanette Rankin casts only vote against US entry into WWII. (1941)
8-Dec	Ex-Beatle John Lennon was shot and killed while leaving his apartment building in New York City. (1980)
8-Dec	U.S. President Ronald Reagan and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev sign the first treaty to reduce the nuclear arsenals of the two superpowers. (1987)
8-Dec	North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) signed into law. (1993)
9-Dec	Solidarity leader Lech Walesa elected President of Poland. (1990)
10-Dec	1st Nobel Peace Prizes (to Jean Henri Dunant, Frederic Passy) (1901)
10-Dec	The United Nations adopted the Declaration of Human Rights. (1948)
10-Dec	Human Rights Day first observed (1950)
10-Dec	The U.S. Supreme Court struck down a New York law that allowed a criminal's profits for selling his or her story to be seized and given to the victims. (1991)
10-Dec	Julia Butterfly Hill, age 23, climbs "Luna," a 1,000 year-old California redwood, to protect it from loggers. (1997)
11-Dec	The General Assembly of the United Nations votes to establish the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) to provide relief and support to children living in countries devastated by WWII. (1946)
11-Dec	President Kennedy orders 425 helicopter crewmen to South Vietnam, the first large force of U.S. military personnel, bolstering the small number of U.S. advisors in the country since the late 1950s. (1961)
11-Dec	A US Supreme Court decision outlawed the use of disorderly conduct statutes as grounds for arresting African-Americans sitting in to obtain equal service. (1961)
11-Dec	President Carter signs law creating a $1.6 billion environmental superfund to pay for cleanup of chemical spills and toxic waste dumps. (1980)
11-Dec	30,000 women tried to rip down fences around a U.S.cruise missile base at Greenham Common, England. (1983)
11-Dec	The three major US TV networks agreed on joint standards to limit entertainment violence by the start of the next fall's season. (1992)
11-Dec	In the largest Russian military offensive since the 1979 invasion of Afghanistan, thousands of troops and hundreds of tanks pour into the breakaway Russian republic of Chechnya. (1994)
12-Dec	North and South Korea agree to reunify peacefully after 46 years of division and animosity. (1991)
12-Dec	By only three votes, the Senate kills a constitutional amendment giving Congress authority to outlaw flag burning. (1995)
13-Dec	Leaders of the Central American countries held a summit meeting and agreed to pledge $4.5 billion to fight poverty. (1991)
14-Dec	The United Nations adopted a resolution to outlaw the use of the atomic bomb. (1946)
14-Dec	Wilma Mankiller becomes the first woman to lead a major American Indian tribe when she takes office as principal chief of the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma. (1985)
14-Dec	In Paris, France, leaders from the former Yugoslavia sign the Bosnia peace treaty, formally ending four years of bloody conflict. (1995)
15-Dec	Bill of Rights becomes U.S. law as Virginia ratifies the first 10 amendments to the Constitution (1791)
15-Dec	The first Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children founded in New York. (1874)
15-Dec	In South Dakota, Sitting Bull, a leader of the Hunkpapa Teton Sioux, is killed by Indian police at his home in a remote corner of the Standing Rock Reservation. (1891)
15-Dec	Vietnamese leader Ho Chi Minh sent a note to the French Premier, Leon Blum, asking for peace talks. (1946)
15-Dec	In Tel Aviv, Israel, Adolf Eichmann, the Nazi SS colonel who organized Adolf Hitler's "final solution of the Jewish question," is condemned to death by a Jewish war crimes tribunal. (1961)
15-Dec	The American Psychiatric Association reverses its long-standing position and declares that homosexuality is not a mental illness. (1973)
15-Dec	A popular nonviolent uprising began that resulted in the downfall of Romanian dictator Nicolae Ceausescu. (1989)
15-Dec	The Chernobyl nuclear power plant was shut down 14 years after it spawned the world's worst nuclear accident. (2000)
16-Dec	Boston Tea Party. (1773)
17-Dec	Jean-Bertrand Aristide, a radical Roman Catholic priest who was an opponent of the dictatorship of Jean-Claude Duvalier, is elected president in the first free election in Haiti's history. (1990)
18-Dec	Slavery abolished by 13th amendment. (1865)
18-Dec	Of the 8,000 Jews in Athens, Greece, 6,800 remained hidden rather than register as directed. (1943)
18-Dec	Julia Butterfly Hill descends from her tiny platform 180 feet up in Luna, a giant Redwood tree, after perching in it for 738 days protecting it from loggers. (1999)
19-Dec	Carter G. Woodson, a Harvard-educated historiographer known as the father of Black history, was born in Virginia. (1875)
19-Dec	Czechoslovakia elects playwright and dissident, Vaclav Havel, president. (1989)
20-Dec	First US jury trial in Delaware: Marcus Jacobson condemned for insurrection & sentenced to flogging, branding & slavery. (1669)
20-Dec	Animal rights terrorists fire-bomb Harrod's department store, London, after finding poodle fur collars on some coats. (1988)
20-Dec	Kansas reservist Dr. Yolanda Huet-Vaughn refuses orders for the Gulf War. She is later sentenced to prison, & the Kansas medical board strips Huet-Vaughn of her license to practice, because of her conscientious objection. (1990)
20-Dec	Hundreds of thousands link hands in Chechnya in human chain to protest Russian invasion. (1994)
21-Dec	Montgomery, AL buses integrated (1956)
21-Dec	Britain banned the death penalty. (1961)
21-Dec	700 supporters visit jailed war resisters, Allenwood Federal Penitentiary, PA. (1969)
21-Dec	Pan Am "Flight 103" explodes over Lockerbie, Scotland, killing 270. (1988)
21-Dec	Eleven former Soviet republics peaceably declared an end to the Soviet Union and forged a commonwealth. (1991)
22-Dec	Four month strike by 23 conscientious objectors (COs) ends dining hall segregation at Danbury Federal Penitentiary, Connecticut. (1943)
22-Dec	Henry House becomes first U.S. soldier to be court martialed for protesting against Vietnam War.(1965)
22-Dec	Radio Free Alcatraz broadcast for first time from Berkeley radio station KPFA. (1967)
22-Dec	Congress passes the Boland amendment (411-0) which prohibited covert efforts by the President to overthrow the Nicaraguan government. (1982)
22-Dec	"Operation Toys for Guns" begins in New York City. (1993)
22-Dec	Paramilitaries associated with the ruling PRI party in Mexico massacre 45 peasants in the village of Acteal, Chiapas. Government will use this event to occupy & suppress the population with over 70,000 troops & expel humanitarian observers stationed in the area. (1997)
23-Dec	University of Tennessee refuses to play Duquesne University, because they may use a black player in the basketball game. (1946)
23-Dec	President Truman pardons 1,523 of the 15,805 World War II draft resistors. (1947)
23-Dec	In Yugoslavia, there are prayers for peace in all churches, but a planned interfaith peace rally is banned by Yugoslavian authorities. (1991)
24-Dec	Ku Klux Klan founded in Pulaski, TN. (1865)
24-Dec	Costa Rica withdraws from League of Nations to protest US Monroe Doctrine. (1924)
24-Dec	Parents of reservists from Grocka protest at Army headquarters, Belgrade, Yugoslavia. (1991)
25-Dec	On Christmas morning, the majority of German troops engaged in World War I cease firing and begin to sing Christmas carols. At dawn, many emerge from their trenches and approach the Allied lines across no man's land, calling out "Merry Christmas" in their enemies' native tongues. At first the Allied soldiers suspect a trick, but soon climb out of their trenches and shake hands with the German soldiers. The men exchange and sing carols.The Christmas Truce lasts a few days. (1914)
26-Dec	The first Kwanzaa, a non-religious African-American holiday that celebrates family, community, and culture for seven days, is organized in Los Angeles by Dr. Maulana Karenga, a professor and chairman of Black Studies at California State University at Long Beach. (1966)
26-Dec	The Soviet Union began a massive airlift of an estimated 85,000 men into Kabul, Afghanistan, in an effort to reinstate Communist rule in the nation. (1979)
27-Dec	Prohibitionist Carry Nation carried out her first public smashing of a bar, at the Carey Hotel in Wichita, KS. (1900)
27-Dec	Founding of International Fellowship of Reconciliation, inter-religious peace group. (1914)
27-Dec	Vietnam Veterans Against the War peace protest at historic Betsy Ross House, Phila. (1971)
27-Dec	King Juan Carlos ratified Spain's first democratic constitution (1978)
28-Dec	The Knights of Labor, a labor union of tailors in Philadelphia, hold the first Labor Day ceremonies in American history. (1869)
29-Dec	Army massacres 300 women, men and children at Wounded Knee, SD (1890)
30-Dec	Tuskeegee Institute reported that 1952 was the first year in 71 years of record keeping that no one was lynched in the United States. (1952)
30-Dec	Afghan Prime Minister Daud announced that proposed military aid from the United States to Pakistan should be read as a "grave danger to security and peace of Afghanistan." (1953)
as of July, 2002